PART FOUR

ON EXPERIMENTS ON THE SENSORY PROPERTIES OF BODIES

Chapter 1

ABOUT WARMTH

When you hang the Florentine thermometer (§ 77) under a glass bell and, drawing the air out of it with all diligence, put hot coals close to it, you will see that the vodka in the thermometer will rise and, after putting the coals aside, will soon sink. Also, if the thermometer is left under the bell, the vodka in it will also rise from the warmth, and fall from the cold, as if it were standing in the air.

From this it is clear that heat spreads even without air, and consequently there is matter, which is much finer than air, and in which heat consists of movement. We will call it calorific matter. The Aristotelian calm can be called the fiery element.

To warm things without air, we can use: a cylindrical glass vessel AB[Fig. 37], whose upper edge DEFB framed with copper and locked with a lid HI, attached with screws through dirks 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , on a copper strip TBCR verified. The strip is also attached to the vessel with screws in R And S, a wet moose ring is laid between the lid and the vessel, to which the lid is firmly pressed. one end N tubes OP inserted into the lid M, other end P attached to the pump so that air can be pulled by it. Thus, hot coal can be placed under the vessel. Stripe in L cut to tube OP place was.

After all, heat is some subtle matter, moving very quickly, for this it is not surprising that, passing into the holes of bodies, not only liquid bodies, like air (§ 75), double vodka (§ 77), water and mercury itself, but also solid ones, like, for example, metals, stretches. Picard noticed that the iron rod, which was one foot long in winter, had grown 1/12 inch from the heat. Philippe de la Hire found that the same twig, which was 6 feet in winter, reached 2/3 lines in the summer in the sun. This is announced by Newton in the First Foundations of Mathematical Physics, 34 books. 3, sheet 386.

For experiments on heat, it is good to use a thermometer [Fig. 38], which consists of air and mercury, ABCDE. Part of the ball AB filled with air, and the other part of it with part of the tube BCDF- mercury. If the ball AB put in boiling water, you will see that boiling water takes in a certain degree of heat, above which it cannot have, so that mercury at all the time when the water boils, is in G motionless in which she had become from the beginning. Other liquid substances can be used instead of water. Whence it will be obvious that the highest degree of heat is not equal in every matter, for example, double vodka boils faster than water.

After all, it is known through art that liquid materials, being placed in the sun at one time, take on an unequal degree of heat, for this there can be no doubt that every solid body also receives a certain degree of heat, which can be investigated in ground or grated materials, for example ., in various grated lands, in sand, or in melted, as in lead, wax, or in other ways.

Chemical experiments show that heat or flame can be produced by mixing cold bodies, for example, vitriol strong vodka 35 with added water or double vodka is warmed up. Also, ice produces warmth when the aforementioned vitriol vodka is poured to it, which, especially when combined with old thickened turpentine, gives rise to considerable ardor, drops jump upward from the vessel and splash far away; sometimes a glass flask, rebounding from the movement and the heat of merged materials, breaks other flasks placed next to itself with fragments. Vitriol strong vodka, diluted with water, dissolves iron filings in itself, producing deliberate warmth. Likewise, other strong vodkas, dissolving metals in themselves, warm up, foam and emit smoke. At the same time, it should be noted that meat and bread, being poured with vitriol strong vodka, become deliberately warm.

It is very well known that solid bodies heat up when one is rubbed against the other; however, between rare experiments, this is revered, if iron through a special art is so forged that hammers hit it askew, like flint from flint and flint strike fire; for then the iron is red-hot.

From here it seems to be obvious that in these cases, heat is born in no other way than just the fiery element, 22* hidden in the bodies, is set in motion. And through these experiments it is clear that in every body there is a certain amount of the fiery element, 23* scattered around it.

If chemical matters do not come close, then lime can be used instead, for if the proper amount of water is poured into it, then the glass vessel in which it is contained will become so hot from it that it is impossible to hold it with your hands. If lime, having only soaked it in water, is placed in the air, then it will warm itself and, having split, then crumble into an unusable powder.

Chapter 2

ABOUT COLD

If you put a thermometer in cold water and add warm water to it, the vodka will rise higher in it, thereby showing that heat is immediately communicated with cold water. If, on the contrary, you put the thermometer in warm water and add cold water to it, then the vodka, having dipped, seems, as before, that heat is combined with cold water and the warm water becomes colder. The same thing happens in both cases when a hot stone is dipped into cold or cold into hot water. From which it is clear that the cold is a lack of warmth, as evidenced by everyday art.

The thermometer shows that the water from the mud dissolved in it is holonet, and saltpeter and ammonia chill the water more than simple salt, for salt bodies are colder water, for this, warmth, scattered over water alone, is communicated to dissolved salt; so, in this case, the cause of the cold is the same as that occurs in the mixing of warm water with cold water, or in the immersion of a cold stone in warm water (§ 120).

Chilling matter is made from snow or ice and salt, 37 which produces a great cold, which is known even to the common people; that is, when simple salt, ammonia or saltpeter is mixed with snow or finely scraped ice, the water put into this mixture in a cup will freeze, and the snow mixed with salt will melt. This happens because the heat from the water passes into the snow, from which it melts, and the water freezes. Whence it follows that the liquid of water depends on the heat scattered over it, and ice is born from the lack of it, for as soon as the cause is taken away from the liquid, soon the liquid will cease.

When you put a round, oblong vessel filled with water in the aforementioned mixture, the water at the bottom will freeze, and then the whole edge will turn into ice. When water freezes, bubbles constantly rise from it, which makes it take up more space. And although glass vessels usually crack if the water starts to freeze from above, you should not be afraid of that, if it starts to freeze from below. From where you can see that the ice expands less when the air from the freezing water comes out freely. And, consequently, the power thereof from the air, dispersed through its wells, occurs.

Since the power of freezing water is great, not only ordinary arts testify by tearing copper and iron vessels, but Hugenius in 1667 and after him Buot in Paris 1670, and then Israel Conradi, a doctor in Gdansk, in 1677, repeating the experiments, showed that the fuze barrel , filled with water and tightly closed, it is torn with a great crack from a strong frost.

Frozen bodies, eg. apples, meat, eggs, being placed in cold water, are surrounded by ice shells and thus depart without spoilage, not as they are usually placed in a warm oven and warmed up abruptly from it, spoil. This happens because from the water, which is warmer than a frozen body, heat enters quietly into them, whereby the frozen moisture dissolves, and, on the contrary, the surrounding water freezes (§ 122). And then this happens slowly and from a slight warmth, for that the body returns to its former state; and everything that happens by force is disgusting to nature.

Water from the proper cold air dissolves into vapor, which can be seen very often when rivers in winter, as well as blow smoke from themselves. Already in 1720, Peralt, having performed an exact experiment, showed 38 that after 18 days eight pounds of water lost a quarter of their weight in pairs, which was hardly less than the decrease in summer, because the heat, leaving the water, clung to itself and stretched water particles with it into the cold carries the air away and turns it into vapor.

Chapter 3

ABOUT FIRE

Through everyday art it is known that the sun's rays warm. However, they produce more heat if they are collected by an incendiary glass or a mirror, so that over the entire surface of these rays the scattered rays unite more closely, where from them, as from fire, combustible matters are ignited, fusible materials are melted, liquid ones, having boiled, scatter into vapors, and other fires. proper actions take place. And later, calorific matter, scattered over the bodies to warm them, is set in motion or already moving into the wells of these enters (§ 110), from this it follows first that it is stimulated by the sun's rays to move. And then bodies catch fire from the rays of the sun, incendiary mirrors or constrained glasses, from this it becomes clear that when more calorific matter comes into motion, then fire is born, so that fire is nothing but constrained heat.

This is confirmed by the following experiment: at the incendiary point of a concave mirror, which is about 6 feet in diameter, hot coal must be placed, so that, according to catoptric rules, the retracted rays extend parallel. The heat thus returned must be received from a larger one at a distance of 20 or 24 feet by a smaller concave mirror, whose diameter is, for example, 3 feet. Through which you know that after the second repulsion of the rays, tinder or a sulfuric thread will ignite at the incendiary point, and from this it is clear that through the restriction of warmth, fire is born and produces its effects.

Incendiary mirrors and glasses connect the rays with their convex and concave figure, which is proved in catoptrics and dioptrics; and the experiments themselves, if considered with attention, show; for this it is not surprising that the sun's rays through a glass round vial filled with water produce the same effect that is shown through a burning glass.

The power of burning glasses is multiplied when the rays are, by a larger glass AB assembled [Fig. 39], at some distance from it with a smaller glass CD shy, at which distance all the rays that have passed through a larger glass can fit on the surface of a small one. Thus, the sun's rays, through the collective glass for the second time constrained, act more strongly. And since, both through refraction and through return, the condensed rays have the same strength, then in some new way, instead of the front larger glass, an incendiary mirror can be used, as well as instead of a collective one. Similarly, a fire mirror can be used in place of a gathering fire glass.

Herr von Tschirnhausen repaired experiments with great incendiary mirrors and glasses. Mirrors are described in the Leipzig Notes of 1687, sheet 52, 53, and glasses in the same place in 1697, sheet 39, 114, etc. From the heat of these mirrors and glasses, a hard and water-soaked tree immediately burst into flames, the water in a small vessel boiled, metals melted, bricks, sea foam (stone), Dutch porcelain, asbestos stone merged into glass. Sulfur, colophony, resin and other similar materials melted under the water, the tree, having been in the water several times, turned into coal. The ashes left from burnt firewood and other growing things turned into glass, expensive stones lost their color, and so on.

But as everyone knows that fire is kept longer in free air, experiments carried out through an air pump also confirm it, for under a glass bell hot coals are extinguished more quickly if the air is drawn out by the pump than when it is left in it. At the candle, placed under the same bell, after extracting the air, the flame rises towards the end of the lamp, and changes its elongated figure into a round one, clearly showing that this depends on the air, that it does not quickly lag behind the fat and therefore has an elongated figure. Purified sulfur, being lit under a bell, burns longer than a candle; for this purpose it is better to use it in this case, so that the reduction of the flame, combined with the reduction of air, can be clearly recognized.

From here it is clear why, without air, sparks do not spin out from striking a flint into a tinderbox. Microscopes show that sparks are particles of red-hot iron and particles of flint, turned into glass. Molten glass is incandescent, but without air, bodies are not incandescent. In this experiment, the same instrument is used that the fusee uses to produce sparks, which shows that gunpowder without air does not ignite from sparks as much as in air. But in order for this to happen without harm to those present, the air from under the bell must be diligently drawn out. The movement in the bell is made by an iron rod CD[Fig. 40], which can be turned at the bottom of the bell, with a hook DE.

It is also clear that gunpowder without air does not ignite from a burning glass or mirror, but only blurs if the air is drawn out with the same caution as mentioned above. Following this experience, you can make others to determine the difference between actions that occur from fire without air and in air. Here you can use that tool [Fig. 41], which we above advised to use for experiments on heat (§ 112). Or let a special bell be made of thick glass ACB, copper ring EF mounted, so that it is capable of a copper circle HI could be applied; the neck is closed with a nail K after defecation of air, the bell is removed so that during the experiments the pump does not interfere.

After all, through the mixing of two cold bodies, heat can be produced (§ 116), and fire is nothing else but condensed heat (§ 427), for this it is not surprising that strong saltpeter, the so-called smoky vodka, 40 being merged with clove oil, fire emits.

Likewise, when bodies become warm through mutual friction (§ 117), there is no reason to be surprised that the wood catches fire in this way, which happens during turning.

When iron filings are placed in thick strong vitriol vodka, with which four parts of water are mixed, poured into a narrow-necked glass, then the steam coming out from the candle flame ignites and the flame descends down to the mixed water with a noise. When you close the neck with your finger, the assembled vapors will light up again. Sometimes it happens that the flaming steam breaks the glass with a great crack. For this, it is safer to bring the neck slightly open to the candle, so that the steam, soon released, ignites in free air and the flame does not enter the glass. Because this steam has elasticity in itself, then, having gathered in a glass, the finger presses, with which the neck is plugged. Thus, this experience can be repeated many times.

If pure or simple sulfur and iron filings are mixed in equal quantities and wetted with water, then this mixture in the sun or in measured heat will release warm steam at three o'clock. And when there will be a greater amount of this mixing, for example. 30 or 40 pounds, then this steam will catch fire on its own. This mixture, when in the neck a foot into the ground, will be summer time, then after 8 or 9 hours the earth will swell and through the cracks that will settle on it, the steam will come out and light up.

The phenomena that come from phosphorus are described at length in the learned Leipzig Notes of 1682 and 1684, 41 sheets 282 and 457. Phosphorus in solid form soon burns, but if it is dissolved in liquid matter, then you can smear it on your face and hands without harm, from which they glow in a dark place. Cold, it is very viscous, and as well as glass made of silver, called by chemists the horny moon; a piece of wood, being placed in a large glass, after a few days continuously emits light and little or nothing becomes darker and lighter. Some of its parts are very combustible, so that, having caught fire from themselves, the table on which they are laid is scorched. Phosphorus, placed in a round deep glass, filled to the third part with water, in warm weather only emits rays, which, however, do not ignite even the most combustible bodies, therefore, they pretend to be a powerless fire in themselves. Worthy of note is the experience of the slarii, who, taking 10 or 20 grains of solid phosphorus, poured one drachma of water into it, so that it blossomed in it. He mixed water with 16 drachmas of vitriol strong vodka, which, when he shook it, at first the matter warmed up, and then some fiery balls rose and, clinging to the sides of the glass, burned like stars. Phosphorus is usually made from urine, but Gomberg made from alum and feces. 42 The young Lemerius 43 showed how to make some special phosphorus from flour, from different seeds, from honey, sugar, from leaves, from wood and from the roots of different trees, as well as from different parts of animals. For this, see the notes of the royal Parisian Academy of Sciences of 1711, sheet 307, 25 * of the Dutch edition. From this came a certain gunpowder, which, in free air, ignites from itself, and of which one grain, being mixed with simple gunpowder, ignites it.

Notes

34 § 113. Under the First Foundations of Newton's Mathematical Physics- here it should be understood: I. Newtonus. Philosophiae naturalis Principia Mathematica. The experiments of Picard and de La Hire mentioned in the paragraph and the reference to p. 336 testify that Thummig used the second Latin edition of this book - Editio Secruda, Cantabrigiae, 1713.

35 § 116. Vitriol strong vodka- concentrated sulfuric acid.

36 § 116. other strong vodkas- other concentrated acids.

37 § 122. Mindful Matter- coolant mix.

38 § 126. Peralt already in 1720, having made an exact experiment, showed- K. Perrault's experiments on the evaporation of water are set out in the book: Perrault C. Essais de physique, vol. I. Paris, 1680, and also see Perrault C. Oeuvres diverses de physique et de méchanique, vol. I. Leide, 1721.

39 § 131. Herr von Tschirnhausen repaired experiments with great incendiary mirrors and glasses. Mirrors are described in the Leipzig Notes of 1687 ... , and glass in the same place in 1697- experiments on incendiary mirrors and glasses are described in the articles: Tschirnhausen E. W. von. Relatio de insignibus novi cujusdam speculi ustorii effectibus (E.V. Tschirnhausen. Report on the remarkable effect of a new incendiary mirror). Acta eruditorum, 1687, pp. 52-54; Tschirnharusen E. W. von. De magnis lentibus seu vitris causticis eorumque usu et effectu (Chirnhausen E.V. On large lentils or burning glasses, on their use and action) Acta eruditorum, 1697, pp. 114-119.

40 § 135. saltpeter strong, the so-called smoky vodka- fuming nitric acid.

41 § 139. The phenomena that occur from phosphorus are described at length in the learned Leipzig Notes of 1682 and 1684.- refers to the articles Fr. Slari: Experimenta phosphori liquidi ac solidi (Experiments on liquid and solid phosphorus). Acta eruditorum, 1682, pp. 282-285. Enarratio experimentorum de phosphoro (Report on experiments on phosphorus). Acta eruditorum, 1684, pp. 457-466.

42 § 139. Phosphorus is usually made from urine, but Gomberg made from alum and feces.- W. Gomberg's experiments with phosphorus are set out in the article: Homberg W. Phosphore nouveau, ou suite des observations sur la matière fécale (New phosphorus or continuation of observations on fecal matter) - Мémoires de l'Académie royale des sciences (Paris), Année 1711 , pp. 233-245.

43 § 139. The young Lemerius showed ... - refers to the article: Lemery le cadet. Réflexions physiques sur un nouveau phosphore (Lemery, Jr. Physical reflections on the new phosphorus). Mémoires de l'Académie royale des sciences (Paris), Année 1715, pp. 23-41.

22* In manuscript elemental fire.

23* In manuscript elemental fire, scattered according to it.

24* In manuscript The same.

25* Added to the manuscript 1715, sheet 30.

ABOUT PRODUCTS

As part of the rolling study of strong alcoholic beverages, an examination of vodka was carried out 49 trademarks from 34 manufacturers. The goods sent for research are made on the basis of alcohols of the degree of purification “lux” and “alpha”. The products were examined in 22 quality and safety parameters. Most of the goods are Russian-made, but there are also foreign ones - from Finland, Sweden, Belarus and France. The cost of production ranged from 205 to 1554 rubles per bottle. The good news is that there is no “singed” vodka among the studied samples. Drinks of 18 brands turned out to be of high quality, and 31 were of even higher quality. They comply not only with the requirements of current quality and safety standards, but also with the requirements of the advanced Roskachestvo standard. Mostly high-quality goods were drinks produced in Russia, one - in Finland, one - in Belarus. 29 Russian-made goods can qualify for the Russian Quality Mark.

Russian quality system standard

The standard of the Russian Quality System combined the existing GOST standards for vodkas and special vodkas, and also established for potential recipients of the Russian Quality Mark increased requirements for the content of methyl alcohol, the concentration of fusel oils, aldehydes and esters. Alkalinity has also been introduced into the leading standard of Roskachestvo. The required level of localization of production to be awarded the Russian Quality Mark is at least 98% of the cost of goods.

STO “Russian quality system. Vodka Conformity Assessment»

• Alkalinity - no more than 2 cm3.
• The mass concentration of acetaldehyde in 1 dm3 of anhydrous alcohol is not more than 3 mg.
• Mass concentration of fusel oil - no more than 5 mg.
• Mass concentration of esters (methyl acetate, ethyl acetate) in 1 dm3 of anhydrous alcohol is not more than 5 mg.
• The volume fraction of methyl alcohol in terms of anhydrous alcohol is not more than 0.003%.
• Mass concentration of crotonaldehyde (denaturing additive) in 1 dm3 of anhydrous alcohol is not allowed.
• Organoleptic evaluation - not less than 9.4 points.

The quality of alcohol is at the forefront

Vodka - at first glance, the product is simple: alcohol and water. But the quality of vodka is very different. Often the product is falsified - when there is a complete or partial replacement of edible alcohol with a cheaper, technical one. Much depends on how well the alcohol is purified from foreign, sometimes toxic impurities (for example, fusel oils, aldehydes). Of course, the abuse of strong drinks is harmful to health in any case. But if vodka contains components that are unacceptable by GOST or technical regulations or permitted by GOST, but contained in quantities exceeding the maximum allowable, it can become deadly even in small doses. Most of these components are removed from the drink during alcohol purification - rectification.

For reference

Rectified ethyl alcohol is produced from food and non-food raw materials. For the production of vodka, in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12712 “Special vodkas and vodkas. Are common specifications”, rectified ethyl alcohol from food raw materials of the highest purity, “extra”, “alpha” and “lux” can be used.

To find out the nature of alcohol (whether it is food or technical), and also to check how well it is purified, the experts looked in the samples of vodka sent for examination:

• methanol - methyl alcohol, the use of which is deadly to humans;
• acetic aldehyde, which is contained, for example, in alcohol-containing non-food products, the so-called "Hawthorn";
• toxic chemical elements such as lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic: they can get into vodka from raw materials (wheat, potatoes);
• fusel oils and esters;
• furfural - a by-product of fermentation, is also removed during rectification; if cleaning is poor, furfural is present.

The drinks were also tested for the content of crotonaldehyde. Its presence would indicate that denatured alcohol is present in the composition. In the vodka sent for research, crotonaldehyde was not found.

Denatured alcohol (denatured alcohol) is alcohol that is not intended for food purposes. Mixture ethyl alcohol with a small amount of methanol, gasoline, kerosene or other methylated spirits, it is used as a solvent for varnishes and varnishes.

The nature of the alcohol was additionally determined by the spectral-luminescent method of alcohol identification. It turned out that only edible alcohol was used in the manufacture of the studied vodka.

comments Marina Medrish, head of the laboratory VNIIPBT, branch of the FGBUN "Federal Research Center for Nutrition and Biotechnology":

–Currently, most often vodka is produced on the basis of rectified ethyl alcohol "lux" and "alpha". Alcohol "Lux" is produced from various types of grain and their mixtures in various proportions. It can be wheat, rye, triticale, corn. Alcohol "alpha" is produced from wheat, rye or a mixture of them in various proportions. There is a risk to buy vodka produced on the basis of alcohol from non-food raw materials. To identify counterfeit vodka, it is necessary to determine the nature of the origin of alcohol. In order to make sure that the product is made on the basis of alcohol from food raw materials, a spectral-luminescent analysis is carried out: the spectral characteristics of the studied vodka sample are compared with the spectral characteristics of control reference samples prepared on the basis of alcohol from non-food raw materials.

And how likely is it to meet “singed” vodka (a cheap low-quality surrogate) in retail? According to Vadim Drobiz, Head of the Center for Research on Federal and Regional Alcohol Markets, the problem of quality and safety of vodka concerns mostly illegal retail, where there is no control.

- In 2017, about a billion liters of vodka will be sold in licensed retail, which is under strict control. I am absolutely sure that there will be no claims either for safety or for the quality of vodka products in legal retail. But, unfortunately, there is also an illegal retail sector (for example, unlicensed shops, pavilions, kiosks, handicrafts, etc.), where about 250 million liters of illegal vodka are sold annually. Such products are produced in semi-handicraft conditions using stolen illegal alcohol and often do not meet the mandatory requirements of technical regulations,- notes Vadim Drobiz.

How to check at home if there are fusel oils in vodka? Just put vodka on your hands, grind and smell. A sharp unpleasant odor indicates the presence of fusel oils.

Honestly - about cleaning

We mentioned that for the preparation of vodka, rectified ethyl alcohol from food raw materials of the highest purity, "extra", "lux" or "alpha" is used.

Among the vodkas sent for examination, the products of eight brands, according to the labeling, are made from alpha alcohol: Graf Ledoff, Chestnaya, Morosha, Khortytsya, Russian currency Platinum, Solnechnaya village, Lake Great”, “Belebeevskaya”).
One is made from the highest purity alcohol (Absolut).
The rest - from alcohol "luxury".

As part of the study, experts correlated the types of alcohol declared on the label with the actual characteristics of the product, in particular, the content of methyl alcohol in it.

In food alcohol cleaning "alpha", the content of methyl alcohol is allowed not more than 0.003%. In "extra" cleaning alcohol - no more than 0.02%. In alcohol of the highest purity - 0.03%.

As the study showed, all manufacturers are honest with consumers in this matter. An actual overestimation of the category of alcohol, when, for example, alcohol of the highest purity was used instead of the declared "lux", was not found.

However, it turned out that the “modest” Absolut vodka has indicators not of the highest purity alcohol, as indicated on the label, but of alpha alcohol. This may be due to the fact that Absolut vodka is produced in Sweden. In European countries, food alcohol is not divided into varieties, as in Russia. There, regarding the purification of alcohol, there are no concepts of “lux” or “alpha”.

The question may arise whether it is advisable in this case to evaluate the grade of alcohol from a foreign product? Nevertheless, since this vodka is sold in Russian retail, the experts evaluated foreign products according to the criteria adopted in the Russian Federation in order to characterize the quality of foreign-made vodka in categories understandable to the Russian consumer.

And Absolut showed its best side here.

Strict requirements for hard water

The quality of vodka depends not only on alcohol, but also on water. Such water should contain the necessary set of micro- and macroelements, various salts (sodium + potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphates, nitrates, sulfates, chlorides). How many of them should be - this range is determined by the technical regulations.

In production, water for an alcoholic drink is specially softened, the cations of “inappropriate” calcium and magnesium are replaced by potassium and sodium cations. Then the water can be subjected to reverse osmosis. Sulfates are removed, which give vodka bitterness.

For some vodkas that are made with milk refinement, hard water is used to allow the casein in the milk to settle out.

According to the results of the study, there are no comments for most of the products.

• Sodium and potassium are slightly more than the optimal amount - in Tomsk Standard vodka - 80.7 mg / dm3 (GOST recommends up to 60 mg / dm3). This can be explained by the use of an ion exchange plant for water treatment.
• Excess content of calcium, magnesium, chlorides and sulfates was recorded in Parliament vodka. This may be due to the purification of vodka with milk.

comments Marina Medrish:

– Prepared water is used for the production of vodka. Special water treatment provides vodka with a mild taste, pure aroma and optimal salt composition. Therefore, the technical regulations for the production of vodka spelled out the requirements for treated water. One of the most important indicators affecting the stability of vodka during storage is hardness. The excess content of calcium and magnesium ions leads to the appearance of turbidity and sedimentation in the finished product, and, consequently, its rejection. In the production and technological regulations for the production of vodka, not only the maximum permissible, but also the optimal indicators are defined, which make it possible to obtain a finished product with high organoleptic properties. What exactly the salt composition will be in vodka is up to the manufacturer, but it must be in strict accordance with the requirements of the current regulatory documentation.

With the right concentration of alcohol and a certain purification of water, the product must have the appropriate alkalinity. According to the increased requirements of Roskachestvo, the alkalinity of vodka should not exceed 2 cm3. There are no comments on this parameter for the studied goods: the alkalinity of the samples is from 0.5 to 1 cm3.

The taste of a bygone era

Organoleptic tests have confirmed the theory of the importance of water treatment. Vodkas, in which the water, apparently, was prepared in accordance with technological instruction and the manufacturer's recipe, scored the minimum number of points during the tasting.

• The taste of "Tomsk Standard" was noted as sharp, burning. The average tasting score is 9 points.
• The taste and aroma of "Parliament" is sharp, there is bitterness in the taste. The average tasting score is 9 points.

Also did not reach 9.4 points set by the leading standard of Roskachestvo, the goods of the trademarks "Every Day", Graf Ledoff, "Honest", Nemiroff, "Kalina Krasnaya", "Maikopskaya", Medoff, "Platinum Currency", "Larks" , Veda, Old Kazan, Absolut, Milovka, Morozovskaya Gorka, Russian Steel, Lyuli-Luli.

Well, who scored the highest score (9.6) during the tasting?

These are vodkas of such brands as Zelenaya Marka, Zimnyaya Doroga, Sovereign Order, Five Lakes, Russian Standard, Beluga, Belebeevskaya.

However, keep in mind that taste is subjective. If the consumer prefers a harder drink, this is his own business.

- In Soviet times, in our country, no one drank soft vodka at all,- notices Vadim Drobiz. – Soft vodka from more purified spirits was drunk only in the West. In Russia, vodka fashion was different - we loved hard, real men's vodka. In the post-Soviet era, consumer habits began to form in favor of soft vodka. This is a female type of vodka. In my opinion, this does not mean that vodka is better or worse from the highest purity alcohol, "lux" or from "alpha" alcohol - this is vodka with a different taste. Today the market is saturated, and consumers can choose a variety based on their personal preferences.

Degrees and volume

In addition to the above, the vodkas sent for research were tested for the strength of the drink, the fullness of the filling.

• The strength of ordinary vodka can range from 37.5 to 56%.
• The strength of special vodka is from 37.5 to 45%.

Fake vodka often has a low strength. Therefore, during the study, compliance with the labeling of the volume fraction of ethyl alcohol was also checked. It turned out that the strength of drinks varies between 39.9-40%. Only vodka "Parliament" is a little stronger than the rest, literally by a tenth of a degree - 40.1%.

The completeness of filling into the bottle was also evaluated. It turned out that the bottles of vodka contain no less than stated on the label, and sometimes a little more.

So, in vodkas "Honest", "Morosha", "Five Lakes" - 510 cm3 instead of 500 cm3; in vodka "Lake the Great" - 257 cm3 instead of 250 cm3.

Marketing ploy or pure truth?

Manufacturers often write on labels that vodka is purified with milk or with a 13-meter-long carbon filter. Or that the manufacturer uses a special triple silver filtration. Consumers sometimes perceive this as a marketer's fantasy. Is it true or not?

– All of the above are existing cleaning technologies, – our expert says Marina Medrish. – The traditional classical method is the filtration of a water-alcohol solution on carbon columns. When filtered on carbon columns, both adsorption and oxidation processes occur, which forms a special aroma and taste of vodkas. This water-alcohol mixture purification technology is typical only for Russian vodka production. At present, silver and platinum filtration is quite often used at the enterprises of the industry. When cleaning with milk powdered milk added to the sorting to precipitate foreign impurities with milk protein, this cleaning method has been known in Rus' since ancient times (for example, this applies to Parliament vodka - ed.).

Sometimes producers write that in the manufacture of vodka they use water from Lake Baikal or from glaciers or melt water. Vadim Drobiz doubts that in this case the information is sufficiently reliable:

I think it's advertising and marketing. A consumer who is concerned about such nuances may be advised to ask the manufacturer for confirmation. If you don't receive one, please notify the FAS. (If the label contains false information, this is a reason for the consumer to complain to the regulatory authorities - ed.)

Alcohol with water is not vodka!

On the labels of many vodkas, many ingredients are indicated in the composition, in addition to alcohol and water. For example, alcoholized infusions of mountain ash, raisins, oatmeal, pine nuts ... Sugar, soda, honey, etc.

Marina Medrish explains what it is for:

- At present, a huge number of recipes for vodkas and special vodkas with a unique aroma and taste have been developed. The quality, toxic safety and stability of vodka during storage, as well as its organoleptic characteristics, depend on the included prescription ingredients.

Many in Russia do not separate the history of vodka from the history of the Russian state.

This only confirms the truth that historical reality and stereotypes of thinking often do not coincide: Russians had nothing to do with the history of the appearance of vodka, nor with the scientific justification of its composition.

What is vodka, what is its history, composition, calorie content - questions to which even today you rarely hear unambiguous answers.

We will try to find out all the most important things about this truly folk drink (see also:).

There is no single answer to this question. Vodka is alcohol diluted with water, therefore, the inventor of alcohol can be considered the author. Ethyl alcohol was first isolated by the alchemists of the Ancient East over a thousand years ago.

Muslims could not take alcohol, so alcohol was then used exclusively for medical purposes for compresses and rubbing, and later medicinal plants began to insist on it.

The Catholic monk Valentius - the first European who received alcohol - also cannot be called the inventor of vodka, since he could only find alcohol exclusively medicinal use. There are no documentary sources testifying to the inventor of vodka - this alcoholic drink, probably has a truly folk origin.

Why was it called that?

There is a hypothesis according to which vodka was first called vodka in Poland or Ukraine. It is not difficult to see possible Russian roots in the name, but the first mention of the modern name of this drink appeared in Rus' only in the 14th century, when vodka already had its own name in Poland.

In Russia, vodka was previously called "bread wine" and was much weaker in strength than classic strong alcohol.

The Polish word Wodka can be translated as "vodichka", "voditsa" or "little water". The Poles own exclusively the name of alcohol. The world leader in the production and export of vodka today is the United States, followed by Russia.

vodka day

The birthday of vodka in Russia is celebrated on the last day of January, when the New Year's feasts are already over, and the spring festivities are still far away. The reason for the significant date was the story of the alleged "discovery" of forty degrees by the great Russian chemist D. I. Mendeleev.

The scientist, of course, did not invent vodka, but on that day he successfully defended himself and received a doctorate in science, presenting a treatise "On the combination of alcohol with water." The work contained details of the interaction of alcohol and water, as well as the properties of alcohol solutions.

The scientist made some conclusions, which were later indirectly used in the production of vodka, but in general, the dissertation was of a purely scientific nature. However, people are of the opinion that January 31 the great chemist recommended 40 degrees as a classic strength of a folk drink, and this date became the birthday of vodka.

What did you drink before vodka?

Before the appearance of this alcohol in Rus', various alcoholic drinks were prepared - there was a considerable choice, taking into account not only tastes, but also the capabilities of different classes. Here are some alcoholic drinks of those times.

Tatar buza

The drink was made from millet flour, which was boiled until homogeneous mass and then fermented. Tatar buza in Rus' was ennobled with honey and malt.

The sweet drink had a strength of about 5 degrees, and it was served at the end of the meal for dessert. The effect of booze is evidenced by the words "booze" and "buzoter".

Berezovitsa

The simplest alcohol even in those days. Assembled Birch juice poured into barrels, where he wandered until ready.

The strength of such alcohol was small, but the availability and ease of manufacture contributed to its popularity.

Russian mead

The most common and favorite alcoholic drink in Rus'. They made two types of mead - “set” and “cooked”. The put mead was considered noble and was intended for the nobility. A mixture of honey and berry juices was flavored with fragrant herbs, fermented and poured into barrels.

Tarred barrels were buried in the ground for 10-15 years - "put on honey." The drink was truly royal, such alcohol was not available to ordinary people.

Commoners drank boiled mead. Fruits and herbs were added to honey diluted with water, then boiled for some time, cooled and sourdough was added. In fact, it was a mash with the addition of honey, to which vodka was subsequently added for strength.

Beer

The most democratic alcohol of Ancient Rus'. All significant holidays and events were accompanied by the use of beer. They made it from barley malt, in the northern regions where there was no barley - from rye malt.

Ol

Almost forgotten barley drink of ancient Russians. In production, it resembles beer with the addition of hops and wormwood.

Mentions of it date back to the 13th century. It resembles in taste, method of manufacture and name.

grape wine

It first appeared in Rus' in the 10th century, it came from Byzantium. With the adoption of Christianity, it was used in church rituals, but it was expensive and not widely used.

With a sufficient choice of alcohol, its use in Rus' before the advent of vodka was quite moderate.

Old Russian drinking measures

The measure of vodka in Rus' is very detailed and thorough. Scale from maximum to minimum measured volume of strong alcohol:

• The largest measuring vessel was chosen barrel, which was 40 buckets or 491.96 liters.
• Bucket contained 4 quarters or 10 shtofs and contained 12.3 liters.
• IN quarters there were 2.5 damask or 5 bottles of vodka, which was equal to 3.075 liters.
• Shtof- an eighth of a bucket or two bottles of vodka - 1.23 liters or 10 cups.
• Distinguished shtof russian(1.5 l), "eagle" - a bottle of provincial "official" vodka.
• Polushtof contained 1 wine bottle(5 cups, 1/20 bucket) or 0.615 liters.
• Half a bottle of vodka ( pigtail) - 1/40 bucket or 1/2 vodka bottle or 5 scales - 0.307 l.
• They measured vodka in taverns cups: 1 cup - 1/10 damask or 130 ml.
• Shkalik in half a glass contained 61.5 ml of vodka.

Modern measures of vodka correspond to standard measures of liquids.

Formula and composition of vodka according to GOST

According to GOST, vodka contains 40% specially produced ethyl alcohol and 60% prepared softened water. Chemical equation of vodka С2Н5ОН 40% + H2O 60%, where the first term is ethyl alcohol, the second is purified water.

Vodka is an alcoholic drink based on ethyl alcohol with a characteristic taste and smell. It has no color, is transparent, 100 grams contains about 237 kilocalories.

GOST regulates the content in vodka:

• alkalis;
• acetaldehyde;
• fusel oils (heavy alcohols);
• esters.

Excess of these compounds means that vodka does not comply with GOST standards and the product is withdrawn from sale.

Many manufacturers use sugar as a preservative. The recipe may contain 35-70% alcohol. The standard is the content of ethyl alcohol of 40%.

Alcohol for the production of vodka is made from vegetable raw materials. At present, potatoes, beetroot and molasses are often used. Some manufacturers claim to produce alcohol from selected grain, although in reality grain is almost never used for a budget product.

How many calories are in vodka?

The calorie content of ethyl alcohol is high - it is about 700 kcal per 100 grams of pure product.

Respectively, 100 mg of vodka contains approximately 240 kcal. The nutritional value At the same time, ethyl alcohol is zero: it simply does not contain proteins, fats and carbohydrates.

The benefits of vodka

Usefulness explained the presence of alcohol in alcohol. Thanks to alcohol, vodka is used for:

• decontamination and disinfection of wounds, cuts, abrasions, skin surface treatment;
• conservation various products: fruits, berries, making herbal tinctures;
• elimination of bacterial infections of the digestive system (in combination with salt);
• treatment of colds, stress relief;
• celebrations of various dates, events, etc.

How much sugar is in vodka?

Strong alcoholic drinks (including vodka) contain very small amount of sugar. This does not mean that diabetics can take it without restrictions. In this case, the almost complete absence of sugar does not make alcohol safe.

It is well established: vodka blocks the production of glucose by the liver, which is fraught with the development of hypoglycemia - a sharp drop in the concentration of glucose in the blood. Patients with diabetes should be especially careful about drinking vodka and be sure to consult a doctor about this.

Production technology

The production of vodka at distilleries includes several technological stages:

1. Preparation and softening of water. The water is pre-softened, reducing the salt content. Then carefully, driving through various filters, aerate, defend. UV and molecular purification is also possible.
2. Distillation and purification of alcohol. The prepared mash is distilled in distillation columns. Then raw alcohol undergoes deep purification in distillation columns.
3. Sorting. At this stage, in sorting containers, water is dosed and mixed with alcohol and other components provided for in the recipe.
4. Filtration. The mixture is filtered through sand filters, then accumulated in tanks. Filters contaminated with sediment are periodically cleaned.
5. Purification from impurities. Deep purification of the product on carbon filters from esters and aldehydes. At this stage, the main consumer characteristics of the drink are formed.
6. Assimilation. Settling the finished vodka from 2 to 7 days to achieve the desired depth of purification.
7. Bottling. Spilling alcohol on automatic lines into bottles, corking with special corks and sticking labels.

The difference between moonshine and vodka

Moonshine, unlike vodka, is made at home in a distillation plant called moonshine. Most often, it serves as a raw material for the production of moonshine.

The distillation product has a cloudy color and a sharp unpleasant odor. It contains fusel oils, oxidation products of alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, etc. By repeated distillation, you can achieve a higher purity of moonshine.

To deeply clean the product, you can additionally filter it through activated carbon. In any case, the purity of high-quality vodka is higher than moonshine, so its toxicity is much lower. In addition, the strength of vodka is standard 40% by volume, and the strength of moonshine usually exceeds 50%, in some cases reaching 70%.

What is the formula for vodka? What is she really like? Let's explore aqua regia first. This liquid is a compound of saturated nitric and nitric HNO3 and hydrochloric HCl are taken in a ratio of 1:3 by volume. Here the mass analogy in terms of pure substances is 1:2.

Story

For the first time, Pseudo-Geber described aqua regia. He was an unknown alchemist. His treatises circulated in Europe in the fourteenth century. Long before the discovery of hydrochloric acid, the chemical formula of aqua regia was described in Latin writings. This liquid was obtained by dry sublimation of a mixture of alum, saltpeter, blue vitriol and ammonia in a glass smeared vessel. The container was supplied with a cap or a glass lid.

Albert the Great in his writings calls aqua regia aqua secunda. This name means "secondary vodka". Aqua prima is translated as "primary vodka", which means that other alchemists call the vodka formula aqua regia.

Bonaventure in 1270 publicized his own method of obtaining a miracle liquid: he diluted ammonia in "strong vodka" (aqua fortis, nitric acid). Bonaventure was able to establish that nitric acid can dissolve silver, separating it from gold. He determined that "royal vodka" is capable of dissolving the "king of metals" - gold. But until some time it was believed that this substance could not be changed.

Thus, the name aqua regia appeared. began to designate made up of the sign of water and the letter "R".

Royal vodka and alchemy

In the alchemy of Andreas Libavius ​​for 1597, the preparation of aqua regia by mixing saturated hydrochloric and nitric acids was first described. Alkagest is a universal solvent. Its preparation was seen as the solution to one of the most important tasks of alchemy.

Royal vodka was used quite often in the practice of alchemy. This has led to a significant increase in knowledge about chemical reactions and substances. In addition, such experiments contributed to the development of technical chemistry and assay analysis.

In the works of Lavoisier, the formula for "royal" vodka was called nitromuric acid. Scientists thought that the chlorine released in the gaseous state was the oxide of the element murium or dephlogisticated hydrochloric acid.

In Russia, she had many names. In the works of M.V. Lomonosov for 1742, it has the name "royal vodka". M. Parpois in 1796 called it "royal vodka". V.V. Petrov in 1801 gave her the name of nitrate-hydrochloric acid, and G.I. Hess in 1831 named it hydronitric acid. Other names for this liquid are also common.

In Russian, the word "vodka" appeared in the fourteenth century. It was a diminutive of the word "water" and had this meaning until the middle of the nineteenth century. This word was then given the meaning alcoholic drink", at first it was dialectal. And only at the beginning of the twentieth century, vodka began to mean strong alcohol.

Properties

Royal vodka has a yellow-orange color with a strong smell and chlorine. Freshly prepared liquid is colorless, but quickly turns orange.

What is aqua regia made from? Its formula is quite interesting. The interaction of HNO3 and HCI results in a complex mixture of products with high activity, including associates and free radicals. This liquid is one of the most powerful oxidizing agents. The mixture is prepared right before use, as it decomposes during storage and loses its oxidizing qualities:

3HCl+HNO3=2Cl+NOCl+2H2O

The effectiveness of aqua regia as an oxidizing agent is largely associated with a decrease in the possibility of metal oxidation. This is due to the formation of complex chloride compounds. Complexation in an oxidizing, strongly acidic environment makes it possible to liquefy low activity metals such as platinum, gold and palladium already at room temperature.

Application

This liquid is used as a reagent in chemical laboratories. It cleans glassware from traces of organic substances. Royal vodka is used in assay analyzes of high-grade metals and their alloys, in the refining of platinum and gold, in the production of metal chlorides, and so on.

Vodka

Vodka is a colorless alcoholic drink. It is a water-alcohol liquid without obvious smell and taste. The strength of vodka can be completely different: according to Russian standards - 40-45% and 50-56% by volume, according to EU legislation - at least 37.5%.

The classic vodka formula is quite interesting - C2H5OH 40% + H2O 60%. The production process of this liquid consists of preparing reclaimed water and mixing rectified ethyl alcohol extracted from food raw materials with reconstituted water. The water-alcohol mixture is processed with modified starch or activated carbon. Then it is filtered, ingredients are added, mixed, re-filtered and poured into consumer containers. finished products formatted accordingly.

No less interesting is the chemical formula of vodka with a strength of 40.0 - 45.0% with a special aroma and taste. Such a liquid is called special. It is produced by adding a variety of ingredients, flavoring and aromatic additives.

With immoderate and regular use Vodka is addictive and addictive.

Mendeleev

There are many legends about "bitter" in Russia. One of the myths points to the connection between the appearance of vodka and the activities of D.I. Mendeleev. The basis was his doctoral thesis, which was called "On the combination of alcohol with water."

Oh, this formula of Mendeleev's vodka! What is she really like? The myth tells the following:

• While doing his dissertation, the scientist established the unusual properties of a water-alcohol liquid. The mixture had an ethanol concentration of 43% by volume and had a strange effect on a living organism.
• With a similar concentration, a water-alcohol liquid can only be obtained by mixing the weight parts of alcohol and water.
• Based on these facts, Mendeleev was able to develop a recipe called "Moscow Special". This exclusive was patented by the Russian government in 1894 as a national Russian vodka.

Of course, D.I. Mendeleev never took part in the creation or modernization of vodka. Only a few of his works were subsequently used to make this liquid.

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1

"INFLUENCE OF GENETIC FACTORS ON THE COMPOSITION AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF MILK OF "SMOLENSKY" TYPE COWS OF BROWN SWITZERLAND CATTLE" ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

FGOU VPO SMOLENSKY AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE

Purpose and objectives of the study. The purpose of the research is to study the indicators of milk productivity, the composition and technological properties of milk from cows of different genotypes of the Smolensky type of brown Swiss cattle for use in the breeding process and increase the efficiency of milk production in the conditions of the Smolensk region.

Stronger fluctuations in the mass fraction of these amino acids by groups in summer milk, in winter<...>Histidine Arginine "Total essential amino acids: % g/100ml of milk Aspartic acid" Series;<...>Glutamic acid Proline.<...>Aspartic Acid Series "Glutamic Acid Proline Glyin Alanya Cystine Tyrosine Total Non-Essential Amino Acids<...>amino acids valine * alananna and cystine in the milk of cows of group 1, methionine - group I, histidine, glutamic acid

Preview: INFLUENCE OF GENETIC FACTORS ON THE COMPOSITION AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF MILK OF SMOLENSKY COWS OF BROWN SWITZERLAND CATTLE.pdf (0.0 Mb)

2

COMPOSITION OF THE PROTEIN COMPLEX OF GRAIN OF WHEAT AND Wheatgrass HYBRIDS ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Conclusions 1. Gray couch grass is distinguished by a high content of proteins in grain, which are characterized by a certain specificity of fractional and amino acid composition. ..

Differing in the increased content of these amino acids, wheatgrass had less glutamic acid in proteins.<...>Aspartic acid Series ""."." . . . . Glutamic acid " Proline. . . . . Glycine. ." . .<...>"Aspartic acid - Threonine. . ." . .<...>Series Glutamic Acid Proline Glycine » . , . . ._ Alania "Cistine. . . " . .<...>,\ differing in; component composition; ^ content of essential amino acids.

Preview: COMPOSITION OF THE PROTEIN COMPLEX OF THE GRAIN OF WHEAT AND Wheatgrass HYBRIDS.pdf (0.0 Mb)

3

MILK QUALITY OF COWS OF INDIVIDUAL LINES OF THE BLACK-MOTTLE BREED GROWN IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE COMPLEX ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

M.: MOSCOW ORDER OF LENIN AND THE ORDER OF LABOR RED BANNER AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY NAMED AFTER K. A. TIMIRYAZEV

Purpose and objectives of research. The task of our research was to give a comparative description of the cows of individual lines of the Black-and-White breed, grown with the same feeding and maintenance under the conditions of the association of state farms, specializing in the cultivation of heifers and cows of the first calving in terms of milk yield, the chemical composition of milk and shelf lyre, the technological properties of milk and milk calamus ; oil storage stability.

milk yair C % of total) , "ACID index , -j GROUP trivial name1 0.75 i<...>both groups did not differ significantly in the content of individual "ary acids".<...>Stearic acid was painful in oil II gr. for $1.03.<...>non-fatty, acids., The level of unsaturated mountain acids decreased mainly due to<...>. rpstolary (CJ 4.J) and erucic (^22:1^ ̂ r.acids.

Preview: MILK QUALITY OF COWS OF INDIVIDUAL LINES OF THE BLACK MOTTLE BREED GROWN IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE COMPLEX.pdf (0.1 Mb)

4

STABILIZATION OF MUSCLE PYRUVATE DEHYROGENASE WITH IMIDASOLE COMPOUNDS ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

MOSCOW ORDER OF LENIN AND THE ORDER OF LABOR RED BANNER STATE UNIVERSITY IM. M. V. LOMONOSOV FACULTY OF BIOLOGY AND SOIL

Tasks of work: 1 . Isolation of purified PD preparations and study of their properties. 2. Study of the nature and mechanism of the effect of imidazole compounds on the activity and stability of PD preparations.

The stimulating and stabilizing effect of some amino acids on the activity of thiaminase has been established.<...>Pyruvic acid was determined according to the method of Bontiaga (1955).<...>gyhemiovya n asyb ^ igkvoaaya acids do not affect:\u003e -. . . :-. ; . , "... ; . .... :.; .. "g.-:h!<...>As is known (Gunzalus 1954, Reed 1957), dipoic acid "is an important prostatic group in PD,"<...>Histidine and free dinoic acid did not remove the inhibitory effect of the inhibitor.

Preview: STABILIZATION OF MUSCLE PYRUVATE DEHYROGENASE WITH IMIDAZOLE COMPOUNDS.pdf (0.1 Mb)

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No. 3 [Russian Journal of Oncology, 2013]

Founded in 1996. Editor-in-chief of the journal - Lazarev Alexander Fedorovich - Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Director of the Altai Branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Russian Cancer Research Center named after N.N. N.N. Blokhin” of the Ministry of Health of Russia. In original and review articles, the journal covers modern scientific achievements in the field of clinical and experimental oncology, practical problems of diagnostics, combined and complex treatment of malignant neoplasms, issues of scientific organization of anticancer control, experience of practical oncological institutions. Publishes data on the implementation of scientific achievements in practice and the exchange of experience. It informs about the state of science abroad, publishes articles, reviews summarizing scientific data on the most important theoretical and practical problems, the history of oncology, and a chronicle.

sclerotherapy (pleurodesis) is the use of a binary catalytic system "teraphthal + ascorbic acid<...>A single dose of teraphthal was 247 mg/m2, and a single dose of ascorbic acid was 543 mg/m2.<...>The results of the phase I clinical study of the binary catalytic system "teraphthal + ascorbic acid"<...>Study of the cytotoxic potential of a catalytic system based on the oxidation of ascorbic acid<...>Preclinical toxicology of teraphthal-lyo and the binary catalytic system "Teraphthal + ascorbic acid"

Preview: Russian Journal of Oncology №3 2013.pdf (2.2 Mb)

6

At the end of the 18th century, the first domestic manual on the chemical analysis of medicines was published in Russia - “A Method for Testing the Purity and Integrity of Chemical Products of Medicinal Products”. The author of this manual was a Russian chemist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Vasily Mikhailovich Severgin

means that it contains lime or magnesia, which were combined in it with hydrochloric acid (calcium chloride) or vitriol<...> <...> <...> <...>of this department is devoted to determining the purity of grape wine, "bread alcohol, vodka, alcohol" and vitriol

7

M.: PROMEDIA

The article introduces chemical hieroglyphs.

<...> <...> <...>Such a strange name is due to the fact that Scheele previously obtained this gas by heating strong sulfuric (vitriol).<...>) acids with pyrolusite: 2MnO 2 + 2H 2 SO 4 - 2MnSO 4 + 2H 2 O + O 2.

8

M.: PROMEDIA

The article shows the merit of Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov as the first Russian translator of the scientific Latin text - "Wolfian Experimental Physics" by L. F. Tyummig. The author analyzes the translation methods of M. V. Lomonosov and his efforts to create Russian scientific terminology, which underlies the modern Russian scientific language.

<...> <...> <...> <...>

9

Concise Dictionary of Scientific Terms in Cell Biology

Designed for students studying in the specialty 011600 Biology (disciplines: "Cytology" GPD block. "Histology" GPD block. "Biochemistry and molecular biology" GPD block. "Plant Physiology" GPD block. "Human and Animal Physiology" GPD block. " Biophysics, GPD block, Human Genetics, GPD block), full-time education.

Lipids stain orange with sudan and black with basic acid.<...>, hexosamine, fucose and sialic acid) associated with membrane proteins.<...>The matrix contains tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, fatty acid oxidation enzymes, thin filaments<...>Sialic acid (W - acetylneuraminic acid, or NANA) - its residues are part of the most complex<...>, whence Shikshiff-iodic acid).

Preview: A Brief Dictionary of Scientific Terms in Cell Biology.pdf (0.7 Mb)

10

Geochemical halos of copper pyrite deposits in the Orenburg Urals. allowance

The textbook describes the geochemical halos of the main copper pyrite deposits in the Orenburg Urals. The textbook is an additional material for lectures and laboratory work on the discipline "Geochemical methods of prospecting for mineral deposits."

In waters, As migrates predominantly in the form of arsenous acid.<...>The vitriol stream flows out of the lake.<...>From the ore body to the Vitriol Lake, they decrease.<...>The bond with organic acids is predominantly chelate in nature.<...>Molybdenum tends to form complexes with polybasic acids.

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11

№6 [Experimental and Clinical Dermatocosmetology, 2004]

Scientific and practical journal for specialists working in the field of medical and aesthetic medicine. Published since September 2003. The editor-in-chief of the journal is a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor S.B. Tkachenko. Deputy Chief Editors - Doctor of Medical Sciences N.N. Potekaev; Professor N.I. Izmerova. . Leading headings: Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor I.N.Denisov; Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor A.A. Kubatiev; Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor N.O.Milanov; Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor V.A. Vissarionov; Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor A.N. Razumov; Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor A.V. Geinits; Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor N.V. Kungurov; Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor N.K. Nikulin; E.M. Dolzhikova. By the decision of the Plenum of the Higher Attestation Commission “Pharmacy” is included in the list of journals in which it is recommended to publish the results of dissertation research for the degree of Doctor of Science. Main sections: medical and social aspects of dermatocosmetology; experimental studies; dermatosurgery; plastic surgery; hardware cosmetology; laser technologies in dermatocosmetology; age-related features of the skin (children's dermatocosmology, skin aging problems); dermatocosmetology in physiological and pathological conditions of the human body; new medicines and cosmetics; new methods of diagnostics, prevention and treatment in dermatocosmetology; to help the practitioner. Target audience: dermatocosmetologists, plastic and laser surgery specialists, hardware cosmetology specialists, medical and cosmetology centers, beauty salons.

<...> <...> <...> <...>

Preview: Experimental and Clinical Dermatocosmetology №6 2004.pdf (0.1 Mb)

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No. 6 [Pharmacy, 2004]

The following can be used as a dissolution medium: purified water; 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solution<...>750 ml of a 0.1 M solution of hydrochloric acid, unless otherwise indicated in a private pharmacopoeial<...>In each of 6 dissolution vessels containing 750 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solution<...>Adjust the pH of the dissolution medium to 6.8 ± 0.05 with 2 M hydrochloric acid or 2 M<...>1000 ml of a 0.1 M solution of hydrochloric acid, unless otherwise indicated in a private pharmacopoeial

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13

No. 2 (81) [Actual problems of modern science, 2015]

Prompt publication of articles by graduate students and applicants for the defense of dissertations in various sciences.

(magnesium sulfate) acid."<...>A possible admixture of "known earth" (calcium oxide) is discovered "by means of vitriol acid, with which<...>(gives off carbon dioxide), and selenite (calcium sulfate) precipitates from the influx of vitriol.<...>The admixture of "magnesia is known because it forms bitter salt with vitriol acid."<...>and their salts, as well as the acid of "dewy incense" ( benzoic acid), which "represents thin crystals

Preview: Actual problems of modern science No. 2 (81) 2015.pdf (1.7 Mb)

14

No. 4 [Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 22. Translation theory. , 2011]

The journal bears the traditional name for the domestic science of translation - "Theory of Translation". It is dedicated to the theory, history, methodology, criticism, didactics and practice of translation. The central object of publications in this journal is the translation activity in all its diversity.

oil, if water or spirit of wine is added, heats up: (2) moreover, the ice itself, if vitriol is added<...>oil, amazingly hot. (5) Vitriol strong vodka, diluted with water, dissolves in itself<...>Lomonosov 1. aqua fortis (§ 116.525) strong water (alchemy) strong vodka (modern nitric acid) 23<...>vitriol oil strong vodka (modern concentrated sulfuric acid) 16. peristaltio contraction (<...>saltpeter, horizon, diameter, etc.”), and a number of concepts are tracing papers from Latin (“thermometer, square, acid

Preview: Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 22. Theory of Translation №4 2011.pdf (0.2 Mb)

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No. 2 [Pharmacy, 2004]

Scientific and practical journal for pharmacists, pharmacists, manufacturers of pharmaceutical products. Published since 1952. Editor-in-Chief of the journal: - Professor I.A. Samylina. By the decision of the Plenum of the Higher Attestation Commission “Pharmacy” is included in the list of journals in which it is recommended to publish the results of dissertation research for the degree of Doctor of Science. The subject of the journal: the technology of production of medicines; new methods of drug research; falsification of medicines; clinical pharmacology; pharmaceutical market news; pharmacopoeial articles; consultations for pharmacy workers; personnel training. Periodicity of issue - 8 journals per year Target audience: manufacturers of pharmaceuticals, distributors, pharmacists, pharmacists, employees of healthcare facilities, libraries.

(n-butanol - acetic acid - water (4:1:2), benzene-ethyl acetate-acetic acid (50:50:1).<...>"- alum pollinated with tartaric acid, etc."<...>Glycyrrhizic acid was identified in the solvent system: isopropanol - formic acid -<...>acid and glutathione).<...>, ethanol and 0.25 N hydrochloric acid.

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16

In metallurgy, after the pickling of metals, spent pickling solutions are formed. This paper proposes methods for processing such waste to produce iron-containing pigments and binders.

The basis of the technology is the treatment of iron trim with an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid in reactors separated<...>The dissolution of iron is carried out with an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid, while the concentration is maintained in the reactor<...>After steel-containing waste and dilute sulfuric acid are loaded into the reactor, in the first stage,<...>pigment, it is recommended to reconstruct the existing COTR neutralization stations (or the so-called vitriol<...>the same reactions occur as in the preparation of the embryonic suspension and the neutralization reaction of sulfuric acid

17

What was written about sulfur in antiquity? “Sulfur is used to cleanse dwellings, since many are of the opinion that the smell and burning of sulfur can protect against all sorts of sorcery and drive away all evil spirits” - this is how Pliny the Elder told about her in his “Natural History” (1st century AD) .

When onion gas is mixed with tears, pungent sulfuric acid is formed.<...>The result is sulfuric acid.<...>So, arsenic and selenium are removed by treating sulfur with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids.<...>Since ancient times, the most important sulfur compound has also been known - sulfuric acid.<...>(the old name for sulfuric acid is vitriol).

18

Fundamentals of chemical production studies. allowance

university

The textbook provides general information about the basic laws of chemical technology. The fundamentals of chemical production, technology of inorganic synthesis, metallurgy, production of fertilizers, silicate materials are given. The textbook is designed to perform tests on the academic discipline "General Chemical Technology".

It produces 30% acid.<...>tons of 92% sulfuric acid. 5.<...>production of 1 ton of sodium sulfate, if table salt containing 97% NaCl and vitriol are used in the production<...>The following are used in production: table salt containing 95% NaCl; vitriol oil containing 94%<...>How much vitriol oil (96% H2SO4) and sulfuric acid with a concentration of 83% should be taken to get

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19

Reference book on general and inorganic chemistry textbook. allowance

TPU publishing house

The manual provides reference material on five sections of general chemistry: chemical elements and simple substances; classification and nomenclature of inorganic compounds; atoms, molecules and crystals; thermodynamic and kinetic constants; solutions and electrochemical processes. The total number of tables in the directory is 50.

AND SALT (except for polyacids, thioacids and complex acids; formulas of non-existent and unstable acids<...>given in brackets) Element Acid Name: acids salts Nitrogen HNO2 HNO3 HN3 Nitrous Nitric Azide Hydrogen<...>Hg2Cl2 Rock salt NaCl Carbide CaC2 Carborundum SiC Red blood salt K3 Silica SiO2 Vitriol<...>Explosive mixture Javel water Liquid glass Lime Lime water Milk of lime Iodine water Vitriol<...>Nessler's reagent Hydrogen sulfide water Hydrocyanic acid Hydrochloric acid Thermite Chlorine water Chromic

Preview: Handbook of General and Inorganic Chemistry.pdf (0.3 Mb)

20

No. 10 [Science and technology - a magazine for promising youth, 2014]

Interested in science and technology

saturated acids.<...>The more complex arachidonic acid is built from linoleic and linolenic acids.<...> <...> <...>

Preview: Science and technology - magazine for promising youth No. 10 2014.pdf (0.3 Mb)

21

We proposed to preserve the ideas of Hegelian logic not in the form of a linear sequence of categories directed from the abstract to the concrete, but in the form of the principle of the evolution of concepts, the proliferation of judgments, the use of analysis and synthesis instead of induction and deduction. This made it possible to consider the classical and evolutionary logical systems in unity, in which classical logic is the limiting case of evolutionary, if the time of events is stopped

Consider also the evolution of the concept of "acid".<...>Initially, there was no unifying sign for acids, and sulfuric acid was called vitriol (<...>Lavoisier created the oxygen theory of acids, arguing that acids must necessarily contain oxygen.<...>since all known acids contained hydrogen.<...>In the theory of acids and bases I.

22

For the 33rd Guards Division, participation in the Battle of Stalingrad began on July 12, 1942. On this day, the division took up defensive positions 50 kilometers northwest of Kalach. The 62nd and 64th armies that stood in the way of the Nazi units that broke through to the Great Bend of the Don (on the Bokovskaya - Morozovskaya - Tsimlyanskaya front) had 10 divisions, and in the Nazi group - 29, including 4 tank, 3 motorized and 22 infantry. And from July to September 1942, the number of their divisions grew to 80. The 33rd division began fighting on July 17th. During these days, Hitler gave the order to capture Stalingrad no later than July 25th. But the pace of advancement of the Wehrmacht units quickly declined, despite the superiority in manpower and military equipment. They traveled 60-80 kilometers from the rivers Chir and Tsimla to Stalingrad for 2 whole months, although the forces of the Nazis in this area exceeded ours by 6-7 times. They called this path "the road of death", and the 33rd division itself, which became a combat barrier on the fascists' path to Stalingrad, was called "wild".

On the same day, the Nazis occupied the village of Verkhnyaya Elshanka, and the remnants of the Guards Division retreated along Kuporosnaya<...>beam, reached the village of Kuporosny and took up defense there, and then withdrew to the Elevator and the Tsaritsa River.<...>German troops managed to break through to the Volga along the Kuporosnaya beam and separate the Soviet armies.<...>Fighting continues for three days in the area of ​​Elshanka - Kuporosnoye - Lysaya Gora.<...>Fights are underway for Sadovaya station, Verkhnyaya Elshanka, Kuporosnoye. M.S.

23

No. 1 [Man and the modern world, 2019]

The international research journal "Man and the Modern World" is an electronic periodical. The main purpose of the journal is to cover and discuss a wide range of problems of socio-humanitarian knowledge, human studies, ecology, psychology and other scientific problems related to the world of modern man.

Sialic acids are an important group of monosaccharides in the involvement of cancer-related changes in glycans.<...>acid (Neu5Ac).<...>Another derivative is N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc).<...>(CMPNeu5Ac model), to N-glyconeuraminic acid cytidine monophosphate (CMP-Neu5Gc).<...>acid, unless otherwise noted.

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24

No. 4 [Chemistry and life of the XXI century, 2013]

The popular science magazine "Chemistry and Life - XXI Century" - the most interesting articles about science, the life of scientists and not only about this since 1965.

Such acid, obviously, is - sulfuric.<...>aaai vitriol oil aaa, arsenic sulfide aaa (mineral realgar As 4 S 4), f and also the mysterious "sulfur<...>Translated from alchemical, this means: “When the red scale of mercury is heated, a lot of vitriol is formed.<...>"Vitriol gas" - oxygen.<...>Such a strange name is due to the fact that Scheele previously obtained this gas by heating strong sulfuric (vitriol).

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25

The article presents the results of studies on ensuring the safety of sulfuric acid storage in iron containers. It is shown that the cause of corrosion is the formation of complex compounds of iron with water molecules.

SULFURIC ACID Sulfuric acid is a dibasic acid and has different properties depending on<...>IUPAC name: Sulfuric acid. Other names: Vitriol oil. Identifiers.<...>Related strong acids. Selenic acid. Hydrochloric acid. Nitric acid . Chromic acid.<...>Always add acid to water, not water to acid.<...>When combined with nitric acid, sulfuric acid acts as both an acid and a dehydrogenator, forming

26

Mineral waters and mud studies. allowance

The tutorial provides basic information about chemical composition, properties, classification of mineral waters and mud on the example of deposits in Russia and foreign countries used in balneology, provided for by the curriculum for the discipline "Fundamentals of Hydrogeology".

<...> <...>What geological conditions favor the accumulation of silicic acid? 2.<...>All mineralized peats are high-ash and are subdivided into gypsum (hydrogen sulfide) and vitriol.<...>Acidic peat mud (vitriol) is a rare mineralized ferruginous peat

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27

Pharmaceutical technology for pharmacists-residents and students of advanced training courses. Ch 2

VSU Publishing House

The teaching aid was prepared at the Department of Pharmacy of Postgraduate Education of the Voronezh State University.

<...>lapis; Copyright JSC "Central Clinical Hospital "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" - 104 - 3) hemostatic; 4) vitriol<...>Which of the following pencils is prepared by rolling out: a) menthol; b) lapis; c) vitriol<...>Specify the composition of vitriol pencils: a) copper chloride, gelatin; b) copper sulfate, gelatin; c) copper sulfate<...>a) alum; b) lapis; c) menthol; d) vitriol; e) hemostatic. 19.

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28

Diploma design of wineries studies. allowance

university

The training manual presents the typical content of the section of the graduation project, which considers the rationale for technological lines and the design of workshops for the processing of grapes and wine materials. Suggestions for choosing technological schemes used in winemaking technology and recommendations for the design of the construction section of the graduation project. Examples of the main structural elements of industrial buildings are given.

Water softening for pomace washing Sulfuric acid (vitriol), kg/100 gave 0.2 25.<...>Note - For water softening - with a water hardness of 20 ° (for every 100 liters of water, so many grams of vitriol<...>Processing of yeast sediments Sulfuric acid (vitriol), kg/100 gave 30 27.<...>It is possible to calculate according to the "acid plus 2" scheme, that is, wine with 6 g of acid per liter and 8 g of residual sugar<...>Succinic acid - fresh, tart fruit acid, which, along with tartaric and malic acids in

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29

EXPERIENCE OF GEOMORPHOLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE LIQUIDATED EROSION NETWORK OF THE BASINS OF SMALL RIVERS OF THE VOLGOGRAD AGGLOMERATION [Electronic resource] / Brylev, Kryukov // Izvestiya of higher educational institutions. North Caucasian region. Natural Sciences.- 2013 .- No. 4 .- P. 71-75 .- Access mode: https://site/efd/426827

The results of geomorphological reconstruction of the erosion network pattern of the city of Stalingrad-Volgograd at the beginning of the 1940s are presented. 20th century The structure of the erosion network has been restored and the morphometric features of the liquidated erosion forms have been determined. The scales of technomorphogenesis in the basins of small rivers have been established. A qualitative analysis of the nature of the relief transformation for each reconstructed erosional element was carried out. The result of the work are maps reflecting the specifics of technomorphogenesis in a given territory. Their analysis makes it possible to identify areas with a high degree of manifestation of mediated geological processes.

was significantly smaller than modern Volgograd and was located 30 km from the Tractor Plant to the Kuporosnaya gully<...>Vitriol.

30

Calendar of significant and memorable dates in the Kemerovo region for 2005

Annually published by the Kemerovo Regional Scientific Library. V.D. Fedorov "Calendar of Significant and Memorable Dates of the Kemerovo Region" aims to acquaint readers with the most significant historical dates of political, economic, cultural life celebrated in 2005, as well as with the life and work of people whose names are associated with the history of Kuzbass.

In 1934, an enrichment plant and a vitriol shop were put into operation.<...>These are zinc dust, which is used for the chemical and battery industries, and sulfuric acid, and vitriol

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31

No. 8(273) [Pedagogical echo, 2017]

What is citric acid extracted from?<...> citric acid is obtained not from lemons, but from sugar or molasses with the help of a special mold fungus.<...>What is malic acid extracted from?<...>The formic acid contained in the hairs is released, which causes a burning sensation.<...>they began to receive in the XIII century from the "green stone", i.e. iron sulfate. .ch t about in Russia "vitriol

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32

Leather dressing

M.: Panorama

Brochure of the largest in our history specialist in the field of repair of crafts and home economics, Professor K. Debu, first published in 1926. Guided by the recommendations contained in it, you can master the basics of furriery and, without any capital expenditure, set up a highly profitable business for the manufacture of leather and fur products.

Further, for correct and successful tanning, the presence of a certain amount of acid is necessary: ​​without<...>The presence of acid is especially important in the development of the sole, if the fleece has not been alcoholized beforehand.<...>buy in pharmacy stores), deashing is now most often carried out in a hashpil with hydrochloric acid<...>The swelling is carried out together with pouring acidic juices plIr 0.3 9o with a solution of vitriol oil (alcohol<...>ash, then wood, obhkislotoy

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33

No. 4 [Literary newspaper, 2013]

Literaturnaya Gazeta is the oldest Russian periodical. The first issue of the newspaper, founded by a group of writers with the close participation of A.S. Pushkin was published on January 1, 1830. Today "LG" is primarily a social and political weekly for a wide range of intellectuals, dedicated to politics and economics, society, literature and art, and man. Mandatory topics for each issue: "Events and Opinions", "Politics", "Society", "Literature", "Art", the famous "12 Chairs Club". Issues with extensive appendices are periodically published: "Characters", "LAD - Russian-Belarusian Newspaper", "Club 206". "Literaturnaya Gazeta" is an integral part of the history, culture and spiritual life of Russia, its national treasure.

Our workers' settlement Kuporosny may have had the most bitter and difficult fate of all the settlements.<...>If we take the entire length of the city, then Kuporosny is only ten kilometers from the center to the south.<...>And our vitriol ravine was in a special account with the Soviet and German commands.<...>Along the Kuporosnaya gully, the enemies broke through several times almost to the Volga.<...>If you stand facing the Volga, then on the right is the Vitriol beam.

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No. 6 [Chemistry (ID September 1), 2015]

Crystalline cobyric acid in all respects corresponded to cobyric acid obtained from<...>, or sulfamide 12 Raschig substance (NH2)HSO3 Sulfamic acid, sulfuric acid monoamide 13 Tartaric<...>)6] Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) 37 Silica, silica gel SiO2 Silicon dioxide 38 Vitriol, vitriol<...>When mixing water and sulfuric acid, add the acid to the water. B.<...>Oxalic acid contains an admixture of a limiting monobasic carboxylic acid.

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35

Following recent expansions in Yixing, Cathay Industries, the world's leading iron oxide pigment manufacturer, is expanding its existing plant in Tonglin, China, through a joint venture with Tonghua Group (Rely Science&Technology Co Ltd), which will increase its existing annual production of 65,000 tons of high-quality pigments further. by 20 thousand tons per year. With a Silver status from Ecovadis CSR certifying center, Cathay is pursuing a sustainability plan to achieve its Gold status. The expansion supports the Cathay Group's transformation strategy, especially with the continued growth of Cathaycoat's high quality product line, which provides cutting-edge solutions to the high-end paint markets. Having achieved success with proven iron oxide pigment technology, the company is making breakthroughs with a new line of high saturation red iron oxide pigments that effectively replace red copperas in both organic and waterborne systems. This will position Cathay as a leading supplier of high quality pigments with unique and sustainable product offerings.

36

The structure of the application to the final qualifying work

Publishing and Printing Center of Voronezh State University

The manual was prepared at the Department of Russian Literature of the 20th Century, Faculty of Philology, Voronezh State University.

cloudy slate, blue-lilac, yellow-brown, sunny hazy, dusty silver, bronze green, golden vitriol<...>part "black" apart; comment, if necessary, on the meaning of the words "slate" and "vitriol

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37

More than seventy years have passed since the Battle of Stalingrad, but those distant events still echo in our hearts, and it is not for nothing that the question of returning Stalingrad to its heroic name is being raised again. It was in the Battle of Stalingrad that the positive qualities of the Soviet fighters, and especially the fighters of the airborne troops, most clearly manifested themselves. Guards rifle divisions, formed on the basis of airborne corps, played a decisive role in the defense of Stalingrad, just like the Battle of Stalingrad in the Great Patriotic War.

units of the Wehrmacht managed to break through to Stalingrad at the same time in several places: in the area of ​​​​the village of Kuporosnoe<...>station. On September 14, units of the Wehrmacht broke through the defenses at the junction of the 62nd and 64th armies, captured the village of Kuporosnoye

38

According to the latest market research from Smithers Rapra, the market for high quality pigments in 2016 is estimated at 178,844 mt ($4.75 billion), growing to 206,921 mt ($5.49 billion) by 2021 at a CAGR 2.9%. In "The Future of High Quality Pigments 2021" analyzed the main market sectors of high quality (HPPs) and specialty pigments (SPs). These include coatings, plastics, printing inks, especially for packaging, cosmetics, textiles, electronics. The largest consumer sector is coatings. The need in 2021 will be 111,584 tons, or 54% of the total market, in price terms - $3 billion

a new line of red iron oxide pigments with high saturation, effectively replacing vitriol red

39

Balneology studies. allowance

The training manual provides basic information about the hydro-mineral natural resources used in balneology, as well as tests and questions for the test, provided for by the curriculum for the discipline "Resortology".

deposits, as a result of the interaction of atmospheric waters with sulfide mineralization, these are strongly acid vitriol<...>Volatile waters predominate in oil waters fatty acid. <...>All mineralized peats are high-ash and are subdivided into gypsum (hydrogen sulfide) and vitriol.

World War II: The Germans broke through to the Volga north of Stalingrad and in the south near the village of Kuporosny<...>, hollow" [SU, 1935, vol. 1, p. 82] and are used in describing historical events: The Germans, having captured Kuporosnaya<...>functions in newspaper texts; more often it is a nominative function in ascertaining contexts: At the bottom of the Kuporosnoy beam<...>they began to grow vegetables (SP, 11/30/1948). – Residents of the village of Kuporosnoe decided to clean their street from garbage<...>, gully SP, VP Kuporosny, settlement SP, VP Kuporosny, farm TsV Kuptsovo, village TsV, VP Kurkin, farm VP

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41

ORGANIZATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN VORONEZH PROVINCE AT THE TURN OF XIX–XX CENTURIES [Electronic resource] / Salei, Vashanov // Bulletin of the Voronezh State University. Series: Problems of higher education.- 2011 .- No. 2 .- P. 183-186 .- Access mode: https://site/efd/519305

summarizes information about the work of the legislative and executive authorities of the Voronezh province in the second half of the 19th century. The social, medical, sanitary-hygienic, epidemiological and ecological directions in the activities of the Zemsky Assembly and the city government of Voronezh are discussed. Provides data on environmental protection

which could be located in cities only under special precautions (sugar, vitriol

42

№5 [Knowledge is power, 2014]

"Knowledge is Power" is a Russian popular science and science and art magazine founded in 1926. It publishes materials on achievements in various fields of science - physics, astronomy, cosmology, biology, history, economics, philosophy, psychology, sociology.

It contains a lot of high-calorie carboxylic acids associated with sweet carbohydrates, and larvae<...>One of the gases isolated by Priestley gave rise to the long-familiar hydrochloric acid in aqueous solution; another -<...>sulfuric acid; the third is somehow "connected with sat down" troy.<...>Although it would be more fair to say acidogenium = parent of acids.<...>Priestley then repeated the Cavendish experiment with acid

The formation of bulk soils occurred as a result of backfilling of Bannoy, Dolgoy, Kuporosny, Dedushenkovsky

44

No. 9 [Leisure at school, 2013]

Newspaper for teachers and organizers of extracurricular activities in elementary, middle and high school.

What will happen if vitriol is smeared on the "bread of the chemical industry"? (Nothing.<...>This is the same substance - sulfuric acid.) 2.<...>Scheele, who discovered uric acid, called it "stone acid"?<...>(Nitric acid and ammonia.)<...>When diluting concentrated sulfuric acid with water, pour water into the acid in a thin stream,

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45

Exploration and development of large copper-sulfide deposits of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic (North Caucasus) led to the release of large masses of sulfide ores and products of their enrichment to the surface and, as a result, pollution of surface waters in the basin of the Kuban, Bolshaya Laba and Urup rivers by their oxidation products. The influence of the Urupsky mining and processing enterprise on the environment is considered. The main attention is paid to the tailing dump of the GOK, which is an environmental pollutant and, at the same time, is the richest technogenic deposit of Cu, Zn, Au, Pt.

Vlasenchikha led to the formation of an emerging vitriol lake that has contact with flood waters

46

Fundamentals of production management. At 2 pm Part 1. Processes and operations studies. allowance

The basic concepts of the essence and content of production management, its goals, objectives, determining the place of production management in the enterprise management system, methods of rational organization of production processes, ways of the most efficient use of the enterprise's production resources are outlined. On the example of a construction organization, the processes and operations that make up the production process are considered, ideas about production systems, classification and principles of organizing production processes are given.

Before facing, the walls are washed with water, and in case of severe pollution - with hydrochloric acid.<...>In a mechanized way, you can apply all types of primers, except vitriol, because. it corrodes metal<...>Casein is a protein substance in the form of a powdered product obtained by treatment with acid<...>Water primers include vitriol, alum and silicate primers.<...>Water putties are vitriol and alum.

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47

ASSESSMENT OF THE STABILITY OF THE NATURAL AND LANDSCAPE BASIS OF THE URBOGEOSYSTEM OF THE VOLGOGRAD-VOLGA AGGLOMERATION TO MAN-MADE POLLUTION [Electronic resource] / Sukhonosenko // News of higher educational institutions. North Caucasian region. Natural Sciences.- 2013 .- No. 3 .- P. 106-111.