The combat effectiveness of each individual fighter depends on his moral and volitional qualities, skills in handling weapons and military equipment, as well as physical fitness. However, the supply of military personnel is no less important - you can’t fight much on an empty stomach. Not only the physical condition of a soldier, but also his fighting spirit depends on food at the front line.
The ideal way to feed a soldier is fresh, hot multi-course meals prepared in the field kitchen. However, this is not always possible, and in this case the army provides dry rations or an individual ration (IRP), which is what it is called officially. Suhpay is a set of products designed to feed military personnel in cases where it is not possible to prepare fresh hot food. In other words, sukhpai is food for field conditions.
Most often, dry rations are associated with military service, but this is rather a tribute to habit. Modern IRPs are nutritious, tasty and prepared according to the recommendations of nutritionists. Dry rations can be easily bought on the open market, they are popular with tourists, fishermen, hunters, climbers - in a word, with those categories of civilians who spend a lot of time away from civilization.
Dry rations can be designed for one meal or for a person to eat for one day. Currently, the issue of nutrition of fighters is given a lot of attention in any army. RPIs are developed on the basis of serious scientific research and tests. Dry rations of the Russian army are no exception. Suhpay is perfectly balanced in terms of protein, fat and carbohydrate content, and also has the necessary calorie content. It is calculated based on the energy consumption of a soldier for a specific situation. For example, dry ration "mountain" has a higher calorie content compared to the usual army IRP.
By the way, according to Russian standards, uninterrupted meals for the personnel of the IRP should not exceed seven days.
Requirements for the IRP
An individual diet must meet rather stringent requirements, first of all, this applies to the composition of the products that are included in the IRP. Dry rations should:
- Long stored. That is, it should not include products that quickly deteriorate: mayonnaise, fresh fruit, raw meat, etc.
- Contain foods that are ready to eat or that can be prepared quickly and easily.
- Be easily digestible. That is, the composition of the IRP should include products that do not cause digestive disorders or allergies.
- Have convenient and reliable packaging, which, even in the field, sufficiently protected the products from water, dirt, and mechanical damage. In addition, the packaging should be convenient for the fighter to eat.
- Have a balanced nutritional composition and fully meet the needs of a person in calories and essential nutrients and vitamins.
These are the basic requirements for a modern IRP in any army, in addition, today much attention is paid to the taste of dry rations.
The usual composition of the IRP and products prohibited from inclusion
Typically, dry rations include the following foods:
- Canned food: stew, condensed milk, canned cereals, stew.
- Freeze-dried or dried foods: instant soups or borscht, dried fruits, milk powder, instant coffee, juices.
- Crackers, crackers or biscuits.
- Vitamins and nutritional supplements (spices, salt, sugar).
In addition to products, dry rations should include a disposable dishes, napkins, food warmers and water disinfectants. As a rule, water is not included in the composition of the IRP. Usually used for reheating food dry fuel and various burners the simplest design. In the past, cigarettes and condoms were also included in some armies' dry rations, but this practice has long since been abandoned. As a rule, the products included in dry rations can also be consumed cold, but in this case they will not be so tasty and are worse absorbed by the body.
Dry rations should not include:
- Any perishable products that require special storage conditions (temperature, humidity level, etc.).
- Products containing alcohol, a large amount of spices, natural coffee, confectionery and cooking fats, edible salt with a content of more than 0.8%, most preservatives.
- Confectionery with a high content of cocoa or containing cream fillers.
- Fresh fruits and vegetables.
- Any food, the quality and safety of which is not confirmed by laboratory tests.
A bit of history
The issue of food supply for the army during a war or a campaign was a real "headache" for military leaders of all eras and peoples. Various methods have long been practiced for preparing concentrated, nutritious food that can be stored for a long time.
Nomadic peoples placed thinly sliced pieces of meat under the saddle - it was very quickly salted out by horse sweat and turned into a nutritious product of long-term storage. The Mongols dried and ground the meat and bones of animals, obtaining from them an analogue of modern bouillon cubes. From them it was possible to quickly prepare a hot broth or stew. The Aztecs made balls from dried cocoa beans. Medieval Japanese ninja warriors also had special nutritional balls.
A real revolution in the provision of the army with provisions occurred in 1795, after the invention of a method for preserving food. It was invented by the French chef Apper, for which he was awarded a gold medal and a large cash prize by Napoleon.
In 1810, the Englishman Durand began making canned food for the Royal Navy. To do this, he made tin cans tinned with tin.
In the Red Army, the first dry ration appeared just before the start of World War II, in the spring of 1941. The reason for this innovation was the dramatic experience of the Soviet-Finnish war, during which the Red Army faced serious problems related to the provision of food for military personnel in combat conditions.
The winter war showed that it is by no means always possible to bring food to the troops on a regular and timely basis, not to mention hot meals. And this problem was so serious that it was discussed at the level of the Central Committee and the General Staff.
The food supply service of the Red Army was tasked with developing for the army such a set of food products that would have a small weight and volume (that is, could be carried by each soldier), be stored for a long time in any conditions (heat, cold) and did not require long preparation and processing.
Allowance for dry rations in the Red Army was officially adopted on May 15, 1941, various concentrates became the basis of the IRP, which could be quickly prepared by adding boiling water to them. It should be noted that these concentrates were not intended for the individual nutrition of a fighter, more often they were issued to small units forced to act autonomously without the supply of food. Although, of course, concentrates could be issued to each fighter separately. In addition, such food still required some cooking operations - this is another difference from the current IRP.
At the same time, the daily rations for one serviceman were approved in dry rations, which, in addition to concentrates, also included rye crackers (600 g), semi-smoked sausage (100 g) or canned meat (113 g), dried or smoked roach (150 g ), or feta cheese (150 gr). In addition, the ration included sugar, tea and salt. According to these standards, each fighter was supposed to have 75 grams of concentrate soup and 200 grams of porridge from the concentrate for a day.
In the post-war USSR, the main emphasis in the soldier's field nutrition was on canned food. There were several types of IRP, their composition was prepared based on the loads experienced by the fighters. The mountain ration was considered very nutritious (it included chocolate and bacon), but the infantry ate much more modestly. In the 80s, the dry ration of a soldier of the Soviet army included a can of canned meat (250 g), two cans of canned meat and vegetables (usually it was rice or buckwheat with meat), crackers or biscuits (300-500 g), a tea bag tea leaves and sugar. With the general packaging of dry rations in the USSR, they also didn’t particularly “bother”: at best, the products were in a cardboard box, but most often they were given out to the fighter in bulk. The calorie content of Soviet rations ranged from 3100 to 3350 kcal.
The last time changes were made to the dry ration of a Soviet soldier were made in 1990 (order No. 445). After that, the life of a soldier became a little sweeter: condensed milk and canned juice were added to the sukhpai.
Individual diet of the Russian army
After the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the USSR, the logistics specialists of the Russian army were faced with the task of developing a new dry ration to provide military personnel in the field. The Soviet dry rations in canned food not only did not correspond to the new realities of modern warfare, but simply looked like a mockery against the backdrop of the Western armies flashing on the IRP TV.
In the mid-90s, an individual diet was developed for the Russian army: it was prepared in two varieties at once: IRP-B (combat) and IRP-P (everyday). The composition of these dry rations was officially regulated by the order of the Minister of Defense of July 24, 2000.
IRP-B contains 3590 kcal, and IRP-P - 3360 kcal.
Compared to the Soviet dry pay, the new IRPs looked like aliens from another planet. They significantly surpassed their Soviet counterparts in all respects: the range of products, taste, and convenience of packaging. Canned fish, dry drinks, dried fruits, tea, milk, instant coffee were added to the stew and canned porridge.
Both diets are made in several versions, each of which contains its own range of products. Therefore, they do not "get bored" with the soldiers. New dry rations received modern plastic packaging, convenient and airtight. She had a handle with which the dry ration could be easily fixed on equipment or "armor". Means for heating food, matches resistant to wind and moisture, napkins, plastic spoons and knife. The package was divided into three compartments, each of which contained a set of products for breakfast, lunch and dinner. IRP-B is not too different from IRP-P, the latter is slightly smaller in weight and calorie content.
For reconnaissance and special forces, a small-sized dry ration containing products with a higher calorie content was developed.
In 2014, at the initiative of the Minister of Defense Shoigu, the design of the IRP was changed; since 2015, the same packaging has been introduced for all army dry rations.
Currently, there is a large list of different types of dry rations, each of which is designed for special occasions:
The most common of the above is dry pay IRP-P.
Dry rations of foreign armies
Dry rations of different armies of the world are developed according to similar principles, they are tasty and high in calories. Usually they bear a well-marked imprint of the national cuisine and culinary preferences of the people. For example, the ration of the South Korean army contains a large amount of rice and spicy sauerkraut. In the Scandinavian countries, soldiers are given fish with sour cream, the German army dry pack contains a lot of meat, and the Polish one contains pies and canned meat.
One of the most famous dry rations is the US Army RRP. It's called MRE (Meal Ready to Eat). This pack has 24 menu options and is packaged in sand-coloured plastic with the menu number and its main course written on it. The package is designed for one meal. In addition to products, the MRE package includes instant tea or coffee, as well as powdered lemonade. To warm up food, each set has a package with a chemical warmer, it also contains disposable spoons, matches, toilet paper and wet wipes. Energy value -1300 kcal.
In addition to MRE, the US Army has other types of dry rations:
An Italian dry ration includes 50 ml of 40% alcohol and a warmer, pasta, bean soup, instant coffee with cream, canned turkey, rice salad, fruit salad or chocolate muesli.
French dry ration will satisfy the most spoiled gourmet: reindeer pate, cold cuts, Creole pork, cream pudding, powdered drink, muesli, coffee and caramel. There are sets with beef dumplings and salmon pate.
The Germans are also not averse to eating well. Their individual diet includes: liver sausage, rye bread, goulash with potatoes, biscuits, an assortment of jams and exotic juice in powder form.
Polish dry rations are designed for two meals, they contain the following products: two cans of meat or paste (meat or cheese), two bags of hard crackers, condensed milk, two bags of instant coffee, a tea bag, sugar, a vitamin C tablet, chewing gum, matches, paper towels.
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The opportunity came up to write a review of army dry rations, designed to feed Russian military personnel in the field (when there is no way to cook hot food).
One IRP (individual diet) No. 5 is designed for one day. Its calorie content confirms this: 4251.2 kcal(my norm, for example, is 4000 kcal per day, so just right).
Its weight ( 2.1 kg) and the volume, of course, is not very suitable for hiking conditions, if you take dry rations for 4 days, then there will no longer be room in the backpack for anything else. However, individual elements, and the very principle of equipment, for hikers, as I have seen, are very useful. So you can perceive its contents as recommendations for completing the food "basket" of a tourist.
First, here is the complete list of contents:
Biscuits
Rice. 1.
Army bread (biscuits) made from wheat flour of the 1st grade, 2 packs of 50 grams each (there is one in the photo, because the first one has already been dealt with before the description of the analysis) for breakfast and dinner, and from wheat flour wallpaper, also 2 packs of 50 grams at lunch. As you may have guessed, they are used instead of bread.
Beef stew
Rice. 2.
Canned bacon
Rice. 3.
100 grams of fat. Muck is excellent, they say. It is recommended to use for dinner.
Dried fish
Rice. 4.
In this case, dried-cured pollock, straws. It's nutritious and doesn't take up much space. Too bad it's only 20 grams. All of them must be eaten. at lunch.
Pate
Rice. 5.
Gentle pate, made from beef liver and poultry meat, absolutely natural. 50 grams for breakfast.
Minced sausage
Rice. 6.
An interesting alternative to sausage. Also absolutely "ecological", without any chemistry. 50 grams, for dinner.
Rice with chicken and vegetables
Rice. 7.
This delicacy is recommended for breakfast. I don’t see any reason to mention the naturalness of the composition, everything seems to be like that here. Military nutritionists take good care of the health of a Russian soldier. In a package of 250 grams.
Goulash with potatoes
Rice. 8.
Actually goulash with potatoes. 250 grams for dinner.
Vegetable caviar
Rice. 9.
Caviar from vegetables, mostly squash. 100 grams recommended at lunch.
Fruit and berry concentrate
Rice. 10.
The so-called "Adapton" is a vitamin-adaptogenic drink that stimulates the immune system. After reading the composition, I called him "Slavic energy", because. there are mainly berries, roots and other elements from "grandmother's recipes". 3 bags of 25 grams. Recommended to drink at every meal by dissolving in a glass of drinking water.
Processed cheese sterilized
Rice. eleven.
80 grams of excellent processed cheese (if you look closely at the photo, you can see that I have already tasted it). Recommended for dinner.
fruit jam
Rice. 12.
Well, or jam, as you like. In general, another source of vitamins. 45 grams for breakfast.
Fruit and berry puree
Rice. 13.
In this case, applesauce. 100g, for dinner.
Bitter chocolate, black tea
Unfortunately, neither one nor the other survived to the review. But I think everyone knows what it is :) Chocolate 30 grams, for breakfast. Black tea 2 bags for lunch and dinner.
Instant coffee
Rice. 14.
This coffee is said to have a good natural taste and aroma. One sachet for breakfast.
Cream, sugar, salt, pepper
Rice. 15. 
Rice. 16. 
Rice. 17.
Cream in coffee, 1 sachet, 3 sachets of sugar (in coffee and tea), salt and pepper just in case.
Multivitamin, chewing gum
Vitaminka - Complivit you can drink at any time of the day. Chewing gum - Dirol, full pack, convenient.
Water disinfection tablets
Rice. 18.
The package contains 3 tablets "Aquabreeze". It disinfects powerfully, you can even scoop it out of a puddle. One tablet per 1 liter water. It is necessary to throw the tablet into a container with water, shake well and let stand for 30 minutes. Then carefully remove everything that has surfaced from above and drink calmly.
Portable heater
Rice. 19.
The package contains 3 tablets of dry fuel and 1 metal taganok. It is possible to heat both mugs with water (250 ml) and products immediately in the package. What is convenient, dry fuel ignites on a special grater, i.e. You don't have to waste matches. And matches, by the way, are also included in the kit:
Hunting matches
Rice. 20.
Matches are water and wind resistant (hunting). 6 pieces plus chirkash. Each match is individually and hermetically sealed, which is very practical.
Disinfectant wipes
Rice. 21.
Hand sanitizer wipes. If there is nowhere to wash your hands or nothing (or water is worth its weight in gold). In general, it is also a useful thing, war is war, and hygiene must be observed.
Paper napkins, plastic spoons, plastic knife
Rice. 22.
In my opinion, the most useless (for tourists, of course) things from this set. If napkins can still come in handy, then disposable tableware is just extra garbage. Each hiker should have his own, reusable, set of cutlery (I wrote about this in my post).
That, in fact, is all. Finally, I'll post food distribution instructions for IRP No. 5:
Rice. 23. Instructions for the distribution of products by meals
Option number 1
3. Stewed beef 250 g
5. Dried fish 20 g
6. Liver pate 50 g
7. Gentle pate 50 g
10. Vegetable caviar 100 g
13. Fruit jam 45 g
15. Chocolate bitter 30 g
16. Black tea 4 g
17. Instant coffee 2 g
18. Dry cream 2 g
19. Sugar 60 g
20. Salt 5 g
21. Pepper 1 g
22. Multivitamin 1 pc.
23. Chewing gum 10 g
28. Paper napkins 3 pcs.
29. Plastic spoon 3 pcs.
30. Plastic knife 1 pc.
Option number 2
1. Army bread from wheat flour 1 grade 100 g
2. Army bread from wholemeal flour 100 g or canned bread 170 g
4. Salo bacon salted canned 100 g
5. Dried fish 20 g
6. Minced sausage special 50 g
7. Gentle pate 50 g
9. Goulash with potatoes 250 g
10. Vegetable ragout 100 g
11. Fruit and berry concentrate 75 g
12. Processed cheese sterilized 80 g
13. Fruit jam 45 g
14. Puree from fruits and berries natural 100 g
15. Chocolate bitter 30 g
16. Black tea 4 g
17. Instant coffee 2 g
18. Dry cream 2 g
19. Sugar 60 g
20. Salt 5 g
21. Pepper 1 g
22. Multivitamin 1 pc.
23. Chewing gum 10 g
24. Tablet for water disinfection 3 pcs
25.Heater portable kit
26. Waterproof matches 6 pcs.
27. Hand disinfectant wipes 3 pcs
28. Paper napkins 3 pcs.
29. Plastic spoon 3 pcs.
30. Plastic knife 1 pc.
Option number 3
1. Army bread from wheat flour 1 grade 100 g
2. Army bread from wholemeal flour 100 g or canned bread 170 g
3. Beef meatballs 250 g
4. Salo bacon salted canned 100 g
5. Dried fish 20 g
6. Liver pate 50 g
7. Minced sausage special 50 g
10. Vegetable caviar 100 g
11. Fruit and berry concentrate 75 g
12. Processed cheese sterilized 80 g
13. Fruit jam 45 g
14. Puree from fruits and berries natural 100 g
15. Chocolate bitter 30 g
16. Black tea 4 g
17. Instant coffee 2 g
18. Dry cream 2 g
19. Sugar 60 g
20. Salt 5 g
21. Pepper 1 g
22. Multivitamin 1 pc.
23. Chewing gum 10 g
24. Tablet for water disinfection 3 pcs
25.Heater portable kit
26. Waterproof matches 6 pcs.
27. Hand disinfectant wipes 3 pcs
28. Paper napkins 3 pcs.
29. Plastic spoon 3 pcs.
30. Plastic knife 1 pc.
Option number 4
1. Army bread from wheat flour 1 grade 100 g
2. Army bread from wholemeal flour 100 g or canned bread 170 g
3. Beef goulash 250 g
4. Salo bacon salted canned 100 g
5. Dried fish 20 g
6. Liver pate 50 g
7. Gentle pate 50 g
8. Buckwheat porridge with beef 250 g
9. Meat with green peas and carrots 250 g
10. Vegetable ragout 100 g
11. Fruit and berry concentrate 75 g
12. Processed cheese sterilized 80 g
13. Fruit jam 45 g
14. Puree from fruits and berries natural 100 g
15. Chocolate bitter 30 g
16. Black tea 4 g
17. Instant coffee 2 g
18. Dry cream 2 g
19. Sugar 60 g
20. Salt 5 g
21. Pepper 1 g
22. Multivitamin 1 pc.
23. Chewing gum 10 g
24. Tablet for water disinfection 3 pcs
25.Heater portable kit
26. Waterproof matches 6 pcs.
27. Hand disinfectant wipes 3 pcs
28. Paper napkins 3 pcs.
29. Plastic spoon 3 pcs.
30. Plastic knife 1 pc.
Option number 5
1. Army bread from wheat flour 1 grade 100 g
2. Army bread from wholemeal flour 100 g or canned bread 170 g
3. Stewed beef 250 g
4. Salo bacon salted canned 100 g
5. Dried fish 20 g
6. Minced sausage special 50 g
7. Gentle pate 50 g
8. Rice with chicken and vegetables 250 g
9. Goulash with potatoes 250 g
10. Vegetable caviar 100 g
11. Fruit and berry concentrate 75 g
12. Processed cheese sterilized 80 g
13. Fruit jam 45 g
14. Puree from fruits and berries natural 100 g
15. Chocolate bitter 30 g
16. Black tea 4 g
17. Instant coffee 2 g
18. Dry cream 2 g
19. Sugar 60 g
20. Salt 5 g
21. Pepper 1 g
22. Multivitamin 1 pc.
23. Chewing gum 10 g
24. Tablet for water disinfection 3 pcs
25.Heater portable kit
26. Waterproof matches 6 pcs.
27. Hand disinfectant wipes 3 pcs
28. Paper napkins 3 pcs.
29. Plastic spoon 3 pcs.
30. Plastic knife 1 pc.
Option number 6
1. Army bread from wheat flour 1 grade 100 g
2. Army bread from wholemeal flour 100 g or canned bread 170 g
3. Beef meatballs 250 g
4. Salo bacon salted canned 100 g
5. Dried fish 20 g
6. Liver pate 50 g
7. Minced sausage special 50 g
8. Buckwheat porridge with beef 250 g
9. Meat with beans and vegetables 250 g
10. Vegetable ragout 100 g
11. Fruit and berry concentrate 75 g
12. Processed cheese sterilized 80 g
13. Fruit jam 45 g
14. Puree from fruits and berries natural 100 g
15. Chocolate bitter 30 g
16. Black tea 4 g
17. Instant coffee 2 g
18. Dry cream 2 g
19. Sugar 60 g
20. Salt 5 g
21. Pepper 1 g
22. Multivitamin 1 pc.
23. Chewing gum 10 g
24. Tablet for water disinfection 3 pcs
25.Heater portable kit
26. Waterproof matches 6 pcs.
27. Hand disinfectant wipes 3 pcs
28. Paper napkins 3 pcs.
29. Plastic spoon 3 pcs.
30. Plastic knife 1 pc.
Option number 7
1. Army bread from wheat flour 1 grade 100 g
2. Army bread from wholemeal flour 100 g or canned bread 170 g
3. Beef meatballs 250 g
4. Salo bacon salted canned 100 g
5. Dried fish 20 g
6. Liver pate 50 g
7. Gentle pate 50 g
8. Rice porridge with beef 250 g
9. Meat with green peas and carrots 250 g
10. Vegetable caviar 100 g
11. Fruit and berry concentrate 75 g
12. Processed cheese sterilized 80 g
13. Fruit jam 45 g
14. Puree from fruits and berries natural 100 g
15. Chocolate bitter 30 g
16. Black tea 4 g
17. Instant coffee 2 g
18. Dry cream 2 g
19. Sugar 60 g
20. Salt 5 g
21. Pepper 1 g
22. Multivitamin 1 pc.
23. Chewing gum 10 g
24. Tablet for water disinfection 3 pcs
25.Heater portable kit
26. Waterproof matches 6 pcs.
27. Hand disinfectant wipes 3 pcs
28. Paper napkins 3 pcs.
29. Plastic spoon 3 pcs.
30. Plastic knife 1 pc.
The composition of the solder may vary at the discretion of the manufacturer.
The combat capability of the army depends on many factors: the moral and physical condition of the soldiers, their level of possession of weapons and equipment, the staffing of units, and so on.
The feeling of satiety and lack of hunger has a significant impact on the morale and physical condition of a person, so the regular supply of high-quality food to military personnel is one of the primary tasks of the modern army.
What is an IRP
Soldiers ideally feed on freshly prepared hot meals prepared in the field kitchens. In practice, the constant presence and operation of the field kitchen is not possible, so the army uses the RPI (individual ration) otherwise dry rations.
An army dry ration is a set of products created for use in the field when there is no way to make a hot meal. In most cases, the dry ration provides for the nutrition of one person, depending on the type of food in one set, it can be enough for a one-time meal or for the whole day.
Requirements
IRP is used in the field, so strict requirements are imposed on its composition. Dry rations meet the following points:
- Long-term storage - perishable products are excluded from the composition, for example, chilled semi-finished products from meat, fish, poultry, freshly squeezed juices, creamy confectionery and so on.
- Ready-to-eat or minimum cooking requirements - army rations are often consumed on short notice in the field when soldiers are unable to cook food.
- Easily digestible products in the composition - sukhpai is created for the entire army, so its composition cannot cause allergies in individual fighters or cause stomach and intestinal upsets.
- The optimal composition - dry rations must meet the needs of the human body, for which caloric content, proteins, fats, carbohydrates are calculated, vitamins, minerals and other useful substances are added.
- Reliable, simple, convenient packaging - an individual diet must withstand any field conditions and remain edible, and its unpacking and consumption should not cause difficulties and take a lot of time.
- Variety and taste - any food is boring, therefore, several varieties of dry rations are provided for a change. Taste is also important, the armies of the world often rely on their national cuisines when choosing the composition of the RPI.
Composition of the IRP
As mentioned above, the ingredients of dry rations depend on the national cuisine. Previously, some countries added contraceptives (condoms) and cigarettes, but later stopped.
Additional inventory of a modern dry ration is disposable plastic plates, cups, forks, a knife, napkins, toilet paper and other hygiene products. To heat some products, burners with a dry fuel or chemical heater are used.
Consider the Russian dry ration, the composition and the food products included in it.
- Long-term canned food - stew, condensed milk, cereals, vegetable stew.
- Freeze-dried (specially dried and vacuum-packed) and dried products - dried fruits, powdered milk, instant soups and borscht, instant coffee and powdered juice.
- Varieties of bread - an army dry ration necessarily contains crackers, biscuits, and so on.
- Food additives to add flavor - salt, sugar, a variety of spices that allow you to adjust food to your taste.
- Vitamins, minerals, nutritional supplements useful for the body - in the field, a person is subject to high physical and moral stress, and therefore needs additional support.
History of appearance
The basis of a combat-ready army is well-fed and healthy soldiers. Therefore, attention has long been paid to the food supply of parts. With the development of industry, long-term storage products and concentrated foods began to appear, ready to eat after minimal preparation.
Nomads in their campaigns took pieces of meat, which were thinly sliced and placed under the saddle. The sweat of the horse salted it and ensured a long storage in an edible form.
The Mongols used an analogue of the current bouillon cubes, made from ground meat and bones. From such cubes a hot stew was obtained.
In 1795, French chef Appert earned the Napoleonic award by inventing a way to preserve food.
In 1810, Durand from England began making canned food for the Navy using tin cans.
The Soviet Red Army in the Finnish-Soviet war faced a shortage of food, as a result of which, in 1941, the first Soviet dry ration appeared. It was created for certain requirements, such as light weight, minimal package size, long-term storage in heat and cold, quick and easy preparation.
On May 15, 1941, dry rations officially appeared in the USSR army; it was based on concentrates prepared with boiling water. In most cases, it was issued to units, and not to fighters personally. Its composition left much to be desired, and cooking required boiling water and some time.
Its composition was intended for three meals a day, contained:
After the Second World War, the Soviet Union improved the soldier's IRP, increased the number of options. The dream of ordinary infantrymen was a mountain dry ration, which had spinach and chocolate on the list of products.
In the 80s, a standard dry ration received meat and meat and vegetable canned food, crackers or biscuits, tea and sugar. Calorie content was in the region of 3100-3350 kcal. The packaging left much to be desired and was a cardboard box, although dry rations were often given unpackaged to a soldier.
Individual diet of the Russian army
Soviet soldiers did not eat very well, especially in comparison with Western military personnel.
After the end of the Soviet Union, by the mid-90s, dry rations of a new Russian standard were developed. On July 24, 2000, they were approved by an order of the Minister of Defense.
The army began to issue IRP-B (individual combat diet) and IRP-P (individual daily diet). Their main difference is the lower calorie content of the latter.
New items differed from Soviet army rations:
- An expanded range of products - in addition to stew and porridge, other canned food (for example, fish), water-soluble drinks (juices, coffee, milk) appeared.
- Modern packaging in the form of a sealed plastic bag with a handle.
- Mandatory items for cooking and personal hygiene in the composition - plastic dishes and cutlery, a burner for heating food, napkins, water disinfection tablets, chewing gum and so on.
- Several dietary options, which allowed you to eat a variety of foods.
Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu in 2014 took the initiative to bring the appearance of Russian individual diets to one standard. In 2015, the updated packaging began to be used for all types of dry rations.
Today there is a wide range of civilian and military dry rations created for different purposes:
- IRP-P - everyday, the most common and popular;
- IRP-U - reinforced, characterized by an increased number of calories, used by law enforcement officers, used as an emergency supply, loved by fishermen, hunters.
- BRPSV (Norm No17) - on-board ration for pilots, pilots of combat aircraft.
- RPESV (Norm No12) - for pilots, pilots of aircraft located at alternate airfields where there is no hot food.
- Many others, for example, emergency, mining, IRP FSB, for divers, for employees in the area of emissions and the presence of chemicals hazardous to health, radiation, and so on.
Russia provides, at its own expense, with dry rations to the military, performing tasks or being in the daily activities of the army, if the production of hot food is not possible.
Military personnel should not receive one ration for more than 7 days.
Foreign dry rations
American
The most recognizable was the American MRE - Meal Ready to Eat (Food, ready to eat).
A single meal is provided, calorie content in the region of 1200, weight 500-700 grams. Packed in a sealed plastic bag with a number, there are a total of 24 menu options.
Contains a second course, instant coffee or tea plus lemonade. It differs by the absence of the first, but by the presence of a dessert, for example, biscuits, cookies, and so on. Some options have added cheese and biscuits.
Food is heated in a special package with a chemical heater. After pouring water, a chemical reaction begins in it and heat is released, which allows food to be heated inside.
Other dry rations are also produced in the USA:
- Sukhpai FSR (First Strike Ration) - designed for the military, experiencing high physical exertion. It has an increased calorie content, lasts for 72 hours, the original packaging makes it possible to drink on the go.
- Sukhpai MCW (Meal Cold Weather) - designed for the military, serving and performing tasks at low ambient temperatures.
- Sukhpay LRP (Long Range Patrol) - designed for the military, long-term operating away from the field kitchen.
- Dry rations HDR (Humanitarian Daily Ration) - differs in the original composition without products from animal fats, meat, alcohol and the most simple packaging with instructions in the form of pictures. Created to provide humanitarian assistance.
Ukrainian
Ukraine, after the collapse of the USSR, began to create its own IRP.
IRP provides for three meals a day, in the composition you will find: biscuits, canned food, concentrated broth, jam, tea, fruit drink, sugar, spices, Hexavit vitamins and necessary items such as plastic cutlery and personal hygiene products.
Other countries
Italy offers 50 milliliters of alcohol, pasta, soup, turkey, salads and chocolates in its dry pack. Additionally, cream, chocolate muesli, food warmer are provided.
The French individual diet will delight even gourmets. It contains: canned deer meat pate, assorted other meats, Creole pork, caramel. There are IRPs with beef dumplings and salmon pate.
They are attracted by practical packaging, long-term storage, balanced composition, high calorie content and reasonable price.
On the network you can find stores selling various IRPs, but often there are fakes in them, or ordinary products sealed in a beautiful package by a private company.
In addition, blood donors are given dry rations. It is not too similar to the army, but in its composition it contains healthy and tasty products.
An army dry ration is a set of food for nutrition in conditions of separation from the point of permanent deployment and the main forces during operations in the field and when performing various tasks.
IRP (individual food ration) is included in the composition of the emergency stock of food in case of possible accidents and natural disasters by the units of the Ministry of Emergency Situations. There are options for a three-day ration for small groups, but usually there is 1 dry ration per person.
Army dry rations, the composition of which is approved by the Ministry of Defense, are freely sold. Individual diets are often purchased by tourists, hunters and fishermen.
Individual food ration for soldiers (IRP)
The picking of dry rations depends on the task for which it will be used. For example, the composition of dry rations for military personnel of mountain units will differ from the IRP for special contingents and those detained for more than 3 hours.
The longer the duration of the task, the higher the calorie content of dry food.
In addition, in such a diet, proteins, fats and carbohydrates are as balanced as possible, but nutrition for more than 7 days is still unacceptable according to the guidelines.
Products included in army rations:
- canned foods: stew, canned meat and vegetables, condensed milk, melted cheese and stew;
- dried foods: instant soup, milk powder, instant coffee and juice concentrate;
- biscuits or crackers;
- vitamins, sugar, spices.
Army IRP (composition) All of these products can be absorbed by the body and cold. It is worth noting that, in addition to food, the composition of dry rations includes windproof matches, dry fuel, napkins, tablets for water disinfection, disposable spoons and the simplest design for making a burner.
Water is not included in the soldier's ration. However, ships must have an emergency supply of drinking water.
Composition of army dry rations
In 2016, in connection with the ongoing military reform, the dry rations of the Russian army were slightly changed (composition and appearance of the box). In total there are 7 types of army individual diet.
|
Appearance |
Name |
Kit contents |
 |
Soldier's dry ration, composition:
|
|
 |
|
|
 |
The rest of the ingredients are the same as IRP-1
|
|
 |
The rest of the ingredients are the same as IRP-1
|
|
 |
The rest of the ingredients are the same as IRP-1
|
|
 |
The rest of the ingredients are the same as IRP-1
|
|
 |
The rest of the ingredients are the same as IRP-1
|
As can be seen from the table, army dry rations differ only in the composition of meat and vegetable canned food and meat dishes. Such changes allow you to vary the calorie content, depending on the specific task.
Daily ration IRP-B
The combat ration is designed to feed 1 soldier at increased loads during the day. The price of this sample of dry rations in the military trade is around 750 rubles. The daily ration weighs 2.2 kg, and the calorie content is 4302 kcal.
Composition of IRP-B
| Name |
Quantity |
| Army biscuits | |
| Canned meat | |
| Canned meat and vegetable | |
| Canned meat and vegetables | |
| Canned vegetable snacks | |
| Liver pate | |
| Chocolate hazelnut paste | |
| Tonic drink concentrate | |
| Dry milk drink | |
| fruit jam | |
| Coffee natural instant | |
| Black tea | |
| Sugar | |
| Food salt | |
| Pepper | |
| Portable heater | |
| Waterproof matches | |
| Multivitamins | |
| Water disinfectant | |
| Disposable plastic spoon | |
| Disinfectant wipes | |
| Paper napkins | |
| Chewing gum | |
| Condensed milk | |
| fruit stick | |
| tomato sauce | |
| Second lunch course (fast food) |
Army IRP-B is not much different from IRP-P. A significant difference between the latter in mass and calorie content.
Army IRP-P
Most often, the IRP-P is issued for field exercises or exercises, during which hot meals are usually provided every 3 days. In addition, it has a division of products into 3 compartments for each meal. The package itself has a handle for easy attachment. However, in reality, the soldiers sort out dry rations in advance and take with them only the most delicious and necessary.
Dry solder requirements
To successfully complete the task, the following requirements are imposed on the products that the dry ration of the Russian army contains:
- Calorie content. The average daily requirement of a person weighing 70 kg is 2500 calories. The energy value, which is "charged" with dry rations of the Russian Army, exceeds this value.
- Rationality. Nutrition should be balanced in the composition of nutrients to maintain strength and endurance. Approximately the combination looks like this: proteins-20%, fats-30%, carbohydrates-50%.
- Storage duration. The shelf life of products should be at least 1-2 years. Although in reality they retain their qualities for a much longer time. Biscuits, concentrates, chocolate and even canned food can be stored without loss of quality for up to 5 years.
- Sealed packaging. Mandatory protection from external negative factors, as well as moisture and dirt.
- Simple products. The use of dry rations in writing should not cause eating disorders or allergies. In addition, the possibility of consuming cold products is obligatory.
Dry rations from other countries
Each country in the world has its own requirements for army dry rations. However, Russian rations are considered one of the best, as the production focuses on simplicity and calorie content. Of course, the recently appeared chewing gum does not belong to these qualities, and it is difficult to imagine why this component was adopted from the US Army dry rations.
U.S. army ration
The most famous of them is called MRE (Meal Ready to Eat).
US Army MRE ration One of the most famous dry rations is the US Army RRP. It's called MRE (Meal Ready to Eat).
The composition of a single package of MRE weighing from 500 to 750 g (1200 kcal) for one meal:
- main course ("hot", usually meat or fish);
- second course (rice, potatoes, vegetable stew);
- biscuits;
- peanut butter, jam;
- dessert (sweet cookies, brownies or muffins);
- sweets (M&A, Skittles or chocolate);
- drinks (instant lemonade, cocoa, coffee or tea);
- spoon, matches, sugar, spices, chewing gum, wet wipes, toilet paper;
- fireless food warmer.
In addition to the MRE, other rations may be issued to members of the US Army:
- FSR (First Strike Ration) - 2,900 kcal
To perform tasks in conditions of high loads. Designed for 3 days.
- LRP (Long Range Patrol) - 1,540 kcal
The application is similar to the previous soldering, but there is a smaller set of products.
- MCW (Meal Cold Weather) - 1,540 kcal
Dry ration for the Special Operations Forces and the Marine Corps. Although it was originally intended to perform tasks in a cold climate.
- HDR Humanitarian Daily Ration
Dry rations with meals for people in the disaster area. It does not contain meat and alcohol, so it can be freely used by any religion.
South Korean army PRI
Army ration of the Italian army
Somewhat more interesting is the composition of the Italian dry ration, which includes:
- 50 ml of alcohol with a strength of 40 degrees;
- heater;
- paste;
- bean soup;
- coffee with cream;
- canned turkey;
- rice salad;
- fruit salad or chocolate muesli.
Army dry ration The composition of the PRI of the French army
- venison pate;
- cold cuts;
- Creole pork;
- cream pudding;
- muesli;
- coffee;
- caramel.
As you can see, each country tends to use military personnel of their culinary traditions when developing a version of the IRP.
It is worth noting that the fighters of irregular formations also have some kind of dry rations. For example, militants in Chechnya or the Middle East make extensive use of Snickers bars, nuts, dried fruit, and dried or cured meat.
